1. illustration of acculturation process in 2nd gen minorities
2. Floating Topic
3. Origins
   1. Theory
      1. attachment theory Bowlby, 1969/1982
         1. +/- ve conception of self and others Bartholomew, Horowitz 2001
      2. Terror management theory Greenberg et a. 1986, 2991, 2000
      3. DCA, Hong et al 2000
      4. Dialogical self approach Hermans et. al 1988, 1993
   2. Defining and measuring security: 2 approaches
      1. relationship style with A figures
         1. assesses Approach vs. avoidance A style
         2. Definition: secure = ease w/ an intimate trusting relationship insecure = otherwise
         3. self report measures
         4. tradition: personality & social psyc
      2. Emotional connections with A figures
         1. coherence of experience vs. unresolved emotions
         2. Definitions: secure = ability to discuss their experience with A figures coherently insecure = otherwise
         3. Interview method
         4. Tradition: developmental
4. Definitions
   1. attachment theory Bowlby, 1969/1982
      1. Attachment in infants
      2. Adult Attachment
         1. More symbolic in nature
         2. secure bases for exploration
         3. safe haven in times of uncertainty
   2. Social groups
      1. An extrapolation of attachment base
      2. provide emotional support and protection.
         1. Female college students preferred to stay with other participants when anticipating painful electric shocks
         2. Buffer anxiety and fear
      3. Nature of attachment to groups is dissimilar to attachment to caregivers
      4. Attachment to cultural groups
         1. a case of attachment to social groups
         2. A relationships
            1. To distinguish
            2. secure
            3. insecure
            4. Definition of secure A
            5. bicultural's ability to freely evaluate their cultural experience and be coherent and collaborative in their narratives about cultural experiences
         3. Approach chosen
            1. Better predictor of attachment quality in next gen van IJzendoorn, 1995
            2. reduce self-enhancement in self-report Gjerde 2004
5. Functions
   1. Group Attachment
      1. concept
         1. extend interpersonal attachment to group-level attachment
            1. individual form close ties with groups as with significant others
         2. 2 dimensions
            1. Anxiety
            2. extent of worry about acceptance
            3. Avoidance
            4. extent of desire for closeness and dependence
      2. Measurement
         1. self-reported score diferences on basic attachment dimensions above
   2. Manage Terror
      1. Like Animals, humans have a biological predisposition toward self preservation. Unlike Animals, capable of abstract temporal representation
         1. awareness of mortality
         2. paralyzing fear
         3. endorse culture to derive sense of permanence
      2. Effects of mortality awareness
         1. embrace cultural world views
            1. make them feel like valued members of a group
         2. Believe that cultural icons will exist longer
            1. increasing own permanence through cultural icon permanence?
      3. Living up to cultural standards
         1. foster belief in one's value in a world of meaningful action
         2. provide psychological security for its members
   3. Uncertainty reduction
      1. NFC
         1. high NFC x migrate in group >> less assimilation
         2. high NFC x migrate alone >> more assimilation
      2. Group categorization
         1. reduces uncertainty
6. Postulates of Model
   1. Theoretical Background
      1. Needs to
         1. Connect
            1. when sense of connectedness is threatened
            2. identify with groups of higher inclusiveness
            3. to connect to larger ingroup
         2. Differentiate
            1. identify with group of higher exclusiveness
            2. to differentiate from a larger out group
            3. when sense of distinctiveness is threatened
      2. Dynamic Attachment
         1. Bicultural knowledge systems
            1. DCA
            2. CFS
         2. Questions:
            1. are styles of attachment in 2 cultures correlated?
            2. transference of attachment working model from native culture transfer to host culture?
         3. Prediction
            1. Attachment style transference
            2. Order
            3. correlation ?
            4. examples
            5. sequential
            6. correlated
            7. 1st Gen immigrant
            8. concurrent
            9. independent
            10. 2nd Gen immigrant
      3. Response to needs (Brewer 1991)
         1. Need identification (response) stimulus function
            1. to connect
            2. groups of higher inclusiveness
            3. connectedness threatened
            4. connect to a larger ingroup
            5. to differentiate
            6. groups of higher exclusiveness
            7. distinctiveness threatened
            8. differentiate from a larger outgroup
            9. Acquire power and status
            10. Subtopic 1
      4. Distribution of Power (Social Identity Theory Tajfel & Turner 1979)
         1. permeable and legitimate
            1. host culture more secure
         2. impermeable and illegitimate
            1. native culture more secure
   2. CA Development
      1. current models
         1. shortcoming Bhatia & Ram 2001
            1. assumes acculturation to be linear
            2. leads to end states
            3. e.g. integration, competence
         2. Recommendations
            1. focus on the acculturation process
            2. account for situated, negotiated, and often contested developmental trajectories
      2. New approach
         1. "dialogical self"
            1. metaphorically represented others and multiple selves
            2. voices and characters engage in dialogue
            3. negotiating and competing for dominance
            4. often dominated by cultural groups of higher status and power
            5. collective voices --> social position in self
         2. Accculturation Process
            1. 1st gen immigrants
            2. Adding host culture as a new self position
            3. Orientation
            4. focus on differences b/w 2 Cs
            5. draw their attention
            6. require new learning
            7. position self closer to C1
            8. difference b/w self vs. C1 attenuated
            9. use C1 as source of felt security
            10. Exception: refugee --> trauma in C1
            11. Familiarization
            12. diff b/w C1 & C2 less accentuated
            13. more accurate knowledge of C2
            14. C2 challenge C1 worldview
            15. self-positioning move toward C2
            16. Attachment to C2
            17. SA more likely as above
            18. prejudice and discrimination
            19. unresolved negative experiences
            20. less likely for secure A to C2
            21. previous "illusory" attachment to C2
            22. disappointment, disillusionment
            23. later gen ethnic minority
            24. Acculturation process
            25. Cultural bases
            26. proxy native cultures
            27. E.g.s
            28. Latino Americans
            29. Asian Americans
            30. a category encompassing Filipinos, Chinese, Koreans, Japanese etc
            31. internal heterogeneity
            32. Host culture
            33. Attachment
            34. SA possible by switching b/w the two bases
7. Assessment Methods