1. Structure
   1. Who?
      1. Johann Friedrich Miescher
         1. 1869 - Isolated nuclei from cells
      2. Albrecht Kossel
         1. 1890 - ATGC
         2. Nobel Prize - 1910
      3. Rosalind Franklin
         1. X-Ray Crystallography
         2. Photo 51
         3. Gave up too early
         4. Died of cancer from X-Rays
      4. Maurice Wilkins
         1. Shared X-Ray Diagrams?
      5. Watson & Crick
         1. February 28, 1953 - "I have found the secret of life"
         2. Eagle Pub, Cambridge, UK
         3. Nobel Prize - 1962
   2. Basics
      1. AT ratio, GC ratio was key
      2. Cross Pattern in X-Rays
      3. Adenine
      4. Thymine
      5. Cytosine
      6. Guanine
2. Amplification
   1. Polymerase Chain Reaction
      1. Kary Mullis - 1984
         1. Nobel Prize - 1993
      2. Denature
      3. Anneal
      4. Elongate
         1. 75-80 deg celcius
   2. Thermus aquaticus
      1. Yellowstone National Park
      2. Thomas Brock - 1965
      3. Survives up to 80 deg celcius
      4. Taq Polymerase
3. Sequencing
   1. Technique
      1. Divide 4 ways
      2. Start Replication
      3. Each includes terminating deoxynucleotide
      4. Strands of different lengths
      5. Electrophoresis Gel
   2. Human Genome Project
      1. 1990-2003
      2. 15 year plan
      3. First draft Feb, 2001
      4. Completed April, 2003
      5. 35,000 genes
   3. Full Genomes
      1. Rat - 21,000 genes
      2. Cat - 20,000 genes
      3. Cow - 22,000 genes
      4. Chimpanzee - 35,000 (2005)
   4. Cost
      1. 2003 - $300M
      2. 2007 - $1M
      3. 2008 - $100K
      4. 2009 - $60K
      5. 2010 - $5K