1. Neanderthalisis :What happened?
   1. Lived in Europe 200 kya
   2. Their behaviors become more advanced than "just" survival.
      1. burying the dead
      2. decoration
      3. caring for the weak
      4. nurturing the young
      5. abstract reasoning
      6. symbolic reasoning
      7. Did Neaderthal's have language?
      8. Did Neaderthal's leave burial objects?
   3. Range
      1. Topic
   4. Physical
      1. Topic
      2. short stocky
      3. big brain
      4. short limbs
      5. adaptation to cold
         1. short, thick, loses heat less often
      6. wide noses
      7. Hiyod Bone
      8. Hypoglossal Canal
   5. Cultural
      1. successful big game hunters
      2. heavy injuries; no projectiles here
      3. lived in caves and rock-shelters
      4. hearths and controlled fire
      5. mousterian tool tradition
         1. prepared core
      6. Wild Horses
         1. Wooly Rhinocerous
      7. They don't really change at all over time
      8. Only near the very end did they "innovate"
   6. History
      1. Marcel found Neaderthals in Germany and France
      2. Marcel inductively reasoned from a old arthritic skeleton. Neaderthals.
      3. 1856
   7. What happened?
      1. humans eliminated them from survival
      2. humans out-competed
      3. humans and neaderthals bred together
2. Modern Humans
   1. Range
      1. Topic
   2. Physical
      1. less sturdy body
      2. wide forehead
      3. no occipital bone
      4. sits below the brain
   3. Cultural
      1. human made structure
      2. same tools as mousterians
      3. over time, human's move into upper paleolithic tools
      4. small sharp blades and edges
      5. head treatment
      6. marine resource exploitation
         1. first whalers
      7. bone tools
      8. cave art
      9. sculpture
      10. necklaces
      11. definite symbolic activity
          1. altars
          2. cave bear skull adornment
          3. ritualised burial
          4. phases of the moon? recording phases of the moon?
   4. It bears repeating
      1. 40 to 50 kya, upper paleolithic tools are spread far and wide. Explosion of blade & scraping technology
         1. fish hooks
         2. obsidian
         3. ivory
         4. awls
         5. decoration of tools