1. Learning is often a matter of creating, rather than absorbing.
2. learning is a constructive process
3. Learners make sense of new experiences using what hey already know and believe.
4. An important job for teachers is to help students understand what is most important to learn and what can ben reasonably be cast aside as ‘junk mail’.
5. How easily something is recalled depends on how it was initially learned and how often it has been recalled and used in the past.
6. Remembering depends on the context.
7. Making connections between new information and prior knowledge.
8. Learning primarily through repetition and practice, with little or no attempt to make sense of what is.
9. Learning
   1. long-term change
   2. mental representations or assosiations
   3. experience
   4. implicit learning
   5. explicit learning
10. Cognition
    1. cognition
    2. cognitive process
    3. encoding
11. Promoting effective cognitive processes
    1. keep in mind the working of the human memory system
       1. grab and hold attention keep in mind the limited capacity of working memory relate new ideas to students prior knowledge and experiences accommodate diversity in students background knowledge provide experienced on which students van build
    2. Encouraging effective long-term memory storage
       1. present questions and tasks that encourage elaboration show how new ideas are interrelated facilitate visual imagery give students time to think suggest mnemomics for hard-to-remember facts
    3. Promoting retrieval
       1. provide many opportunities to practice important knowledge and skills give hints that help students recall or reconstruct what they’ve learned
    4. Monitoring students’ progress
       1. regularly asses students’ understandings identity and address students’ misconceptions focus assessments on meaningful learning rather than rote learning
12. Memory
    1. storage
       1. working memory
       2. long-term memory
          1. Rote learning
             1. rehearsal
          2. Meaningful learning
             1. elaboration
             2. organization
             3. visual imagery
    2. retrieval
       1. retrieval errors
       2. reconstruction errors
       3. retreival failure
       4. decay