1. Theory of evolution
   1. Darwin: theory could be falsified by discovery of some complexity
   2. If organ or organism:
      1. Is too complicated
      2. Could not have formed over long time period
      3. Does not appear to have any genetic antecedent
   3. Then evolutionary theory could be challenged
   4. Enough inconsistencies could lead to rejection of theory
   5. Example of possible inconsistency:
      1. Theory: Reptiles evolved into birds.
      2. Reptiles have tough, protective, and/or leathery scales
      3. Birds have light wings with hollow bones for flight
      4. Claim: Organisms at some intermediate stage (half scale, half wings) are at a disadvantage
         1. Lack protection
         2. Lack ability to fly
      5. Claim may weaken (or falsify) at least some portion of evolutionary theory
      6. Probably require many more examples for definite answer
2. Popper
   1. Falsification
   2. Scientific goal: falsify a theory
   3. If theory can be falsified, the theory is less adequate
   4. If possible, false theory may need to be replaced
3. Kuhn
   1. Paradigm and paradigm shift
      1. Paradigm
         1. "Normal" period of scientific progress
         2. Refining data and accepted experiments
         3. Modern example: evolutionary theory
      2. Paradigm shift
         1. Revolutionary scientific discovery or contention
         2. Leads to acceptance of new theories and/or rejection of old ones
         3. Modern example: A definite paradigm shift would occur if evolution could be falsified
         4. New theory would be needed for scientific community
4. Both modes supported by Lakatos