1. Electricity
2. Electric Potential Difference
   1. Definition
      1. The work done per unit charge in bringing a positive test charge from a point to another
   2. Unit
      1. Volts (V) or Joules/Coulomb (J/C)
   3. Formula
      1. ΔV=F x Δd /q, or simply subtract an electric potential at one point with one at another to get the electric potential difference between them
3. Current
   1. Definition
      1. The rate of flow of electric charge where it is the amount of flow of charge at a certain point over a period of time
   2. Units
      1. Ampere (A) or Coulomb/second (C/s)
   3. Formula
      1. I = C/t
4. Coulomb
   1. Definition
      1. A collection of electrons or protons
   2. Numbers
      1. A negative charge contains 6.25 x 10^18
5. Electric Charges
6. Electron
   1. Definition
      1. A negative charge
   2. Behaviour
      1. Able to move around, repels against other electrons but gets attracted to protons
         1. TIPS
            1. Treat it as love, you would want to be with the opposite sex, unless your're weird :P
   3. Value
      1. An electron has 1.6x10^-19 Coulomb
7. Proton
   1. Definition
      1. A possitive charge
   2. Behaviour
      1. Unable to move around, repels against other protons but gets attracted to electrons
         1. TIPS
            1. Treat it as love, you would want to be with opposite sex, unless your're weird :P
8. Coulomb's Law
   1. Law
      1. The force is proportional to the size of both charges and inversely proportional to the size of both charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the charges
   2. Formula
      1. F=k (q1 q2)/r^2
   3. Constant K
      1. k=1/4πϵr^2, where ϵ is a free space constant of value 8.85 x 10^-12
9. Electric Field Strength
   1. Definition
      1. Force per unit charge experienced by a small test charge
   2. Unit
      1. Newton/Coulomb (N/C)
   3. Formula
      1. E= F/q = KQ/r^2 where q is a test charge and Q is a charge producing field
10. Conductors and Insulators
    1. Electrical Conductor
       1. Materials that allows the flow of charge through it
    2. Electrical Insulator
       1. Materials that does not allow the flow of charge through it
11. Resistance
    1. Definition
       1. The mathematical ratio between potential difference and current
    2. Unit
       1. Ohms (Ω) or Volts/Ampere (V/A)
    3. Formula
       1. R= I/V
12. Ohm's Law
    1. Law
       1. The current flowing through a piece of metal is proportional to the potential difference across at constant temperature
    2. Ohmic device
       1. Also known as a resistor, where the device follows ohm's law
    3. Non Ohmic device
       1. A device that does not follow Ohm's Law
13. Power Dissipation
    1. Definition
       1. The energy difference per time dissipated by the resistor where all of it are going into heating up the resistor
    2. Unit
       1. Watts (W) or Joules/time (J/t)
    3. Formula
       1. P= V x I
14. Electric Circuits
15. Series
    1. Definition
       1. Components connected in a chain of one after another
    2. Diagram
    3. Resistance
       1. R total= R1 + R2 + R3
16. Parallel
    1. Definition
       1. Components connected in branches allows charge to flow more than one possible route
    2. Diagram
    3. Resistance
       1. 1/R total = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3
17. Electrical Meters
    1. Ammeter
       1. Measures the current of a circuit
    2. Voltmeter
       1. Measures the volt of a circuit of a component in a circuit
    3. Ohmmeter
       1. Measures the resistance of a device
18. Electromotive Force and Internal Resistance
19. Electromotive Force
    1. Definition
       1. Total energy difference per unit charge in a circuit
    2. Calculation
       1. emf = I x (ri + R)
          1. V = emf - (I x ri)
20. Internal Resistance
    1. Definition
       1. The resistance contained inside a power supply
21. Magnetic
22. Concept Comparison
23. Symbol
    1. Magnetic Field
       1. E
    2. Electric Field
       1. B
24. Caused By...
    1. Magnetic Field
       1. Magnets (or electric currents)
    2. Electric Field
       1. Charges
25. Affects...
    1. Magnetic Field
       1. Magnets (or electric current)
    2. Electric Field
       1. Charges
26. Two Types of...
    1. Magnetic Field
       1. Charge: Possitive and Negative
    2. Electric Field
       1. Pole: North and South
27. Simple Force Rule
    1. Magnetic Field
       1. Like poles repel, Unlike poles attract
    2. Electric Field
       1. Like charges repel, Unlike charges attract
28. Magnetic Forces
    1. Definition
       1. The force produced through the interaction between magnetic poles
29. Magnetic Force on a Current
    1. Motor Effect
       1. When a current carrying wire is placed in a magnetic field, an interaction between them will cause a force
    2. Formula
       1. B = F/ I L Sin Ɵ
    3. Fleming's Left Hand Rule
       1. TIPS
          1. Treat this as your holding a gun, and remember that you are an F (Force) B(Magnet) I(Current) Agent
30. Magnetic Force on a Moving Charge
    1. Effect
       1. A single charge moving through a magnetic field with a specific velocity will experience a force
    2. Formula
       1. B = F/q v sin Ɵ
    3. Fleming's Left Hand Rule
31. Magnetic Field Strength
    1. Definition
       1. The force per unit length acting on a current flowing with unit ampere
    2. Unit
       1. B (magnetic field) is defined as Tesla (T) or Newton/ Ampere x distance (N/(A x m))
    3. The constant µ
       1. µ is the permeability which changes depending on the surrounding. Most of the time, it is assumed that the surrounding is in a vacuum, hence µ is 4π x 10^-7
32. Magnetic Field Lines
    1. Right Hand Grip Rule
    2. Arrows
       1. Arrows determine the direction of the magnetic field, which travels from North to South
    3. Diagram
    4. Behaviour
       1. Like poles attract, unlike poles repel
          1. TIPS
             1. Treat it as love, you would want to be with opposite sex, unless your're weird :P
    5. Definition
       1. Lines that indicates the magnitude and direction of a magnetic field
33. Straight Wire
    1. Effect
       1. On a straight wire, the magnetic field is proportional to the current and to the inverse of the distance from the wire
    2. Formula
       1. B= µI/2πr
34. Parallel Wires
    1. Effect
       1. When two parallel wires produces a magnetic field, the magnetic field on the first wire will affect the force experience by the second wire
    2. Formula
       1. The force per unit length of both wires is µ I1xI2/2πr
    3. Defintion of Ampere
       1. A current of one amp carried by two infinitely long wires separated by a distance of one meter would produce a force per unit length of 2 x 10^-7 N
35. Magnetic Field in a Solenoid
    1. Effect
       1. A solenoid (wires that are coiled around) has a constant magnetic field strength in the solenoid, but tends to degrade in strength as it goes further away from the center
    2. Formula
       1. B =µ (n/L) I where n is the number of turns of the solenoid
    3. Right Hand Grip Rule
36. Electric Potential
    1. Definition
       1. The work done per unit charge in bringing a positive test charge from infinity to a certain point
    2. Formula
       1. V=W/q or kQ/r
    3. Unit
       1. Volts (V) or Joules/Coulomb (J/C)
37. Electric Potential Energy
    1. Definition
       1. The work done per unit charge in bringing a positive test charge of 1 Coulomb from infinity to a certain point
    2. Unit
       1. Joules (J)
    3. Formula
       1. ePE= Vq
38. Equipotential
    1. Definition
       1. Lines are drawn where at each point of the line, field strength is the same
    2. Relationship
       1. Equipotential is always 90 degrees to field lines
          1. TIPS
             1. Treat it like a shooting range, same score at each circle, higher as it gets close to the center
    3. Diagram
       1. Equipotential Line
39. Electric Field Lines
    1. Definition
       1. Represents the direction of the electric field and its magnitude
    2. Possitive lines
       1. Arrows of the lines are pointing outwards from the charge
          1. Diagram
    3. Negative lines
       1. Arrows of the lines are pointing inwards from the charge
          1. Diagram
    4. Parallel Field
       1. When positive and negative plates are parallel, a uniform electric field is formed (equation: E=V/d)
40. Potential Divider
    1. Definition
       1. Where a circuit's power supply is divided up between resistors, usually to allow the usage of sensors
    2. Formula
       1. p.d = (R1/R1 +R2)x V in = V output
    3. Potentiometer
       1. Is a variable potential divider usually to produce a variable power supply
    4. Diagram
41. Resistivity
    1. Definition
       1. This is a constant depending on the type of material due to its nature
    2. Formula
       1. R = pL/a where p is the resistivity of the metal and a is the cross sectional area
    3. Unit
       1. Resistivity is Ωm
42. Sensors
    1. Light Dependent Resistor (LDR)
       1. A device that changes the value of its resistance depending on the amount of light. More light shining on the device will decrease its resistance
    2. Thermistor
       1. A device that changes the value of its resistance depending on the temperature. An increase in temperature will decrease its resistance
    3. Strain Gauge
       1. A device where its output voltage varies when an extension or compression in length of wire occurs
    4. Application
       1. Placing the sensors correctly in a potential divider could create automatic lights (LDR), fire alarms (Thermistor) or traffic lights (Strain Gauge)
43. Electrical Conduction
    1. Definition
       1. Current flows through an object when there is potential difference accross
    2. Conventional Current
       1. The flow of positive charge from positive to negative, this theory is used to explain circuits although electrons are the ones that move
    3. Drift Velocity
       1. The speed of electrons due to the current, where it will interact with the lattice ions of the metal and cause the metal to heat up due to work done needed
44. Potential Gradient
    1. Definition
       1. Is the ratio of change in volt compared to the amount of change in distance, in a volt vs distance graph
    2. Formula
       1. -ΔV/Δx =E, where x is distance,
    3. Unit
       1. Volt per meter (V/m)
45. Electric Force and Field
46. Electric Current
47. THE PHYSICS TRAIN: FIELD AND FORCES DISTRICT MAP
48. MAP LEGEND OF TRAIN LINES
49. Main Station
51. Equipotential Line
52. Electric Potential
53. Electric Current
54. Electric Circuit
55. Magnetic Forces
58. Electric Force and Field
59. Magnetic Field Strength
60. Concept Comparison
61. Electric Charges
62. Relationship
71. WARNING
    1. HiGH VOLTAGE: This ride will stress your brain
72. WARNING
    1. THE FORCE is strong in this ride
73. Definition
    1. Connects all electrical devices based on the formula R=I/V
74. Application of Fields and Forces
75. Chemistry
    1. Chemistry study uses the concept of electrons and protons as well as neutrons in different metals, stating that every object has electrons and protons
76. Maglev Trains
    1. This trains uses magnetic field produced by a flowing current on the tracks to produce a pushing force
77. Induced Current
    1. A conductor placed on a magnetic field between two magnets, will induce a current in the conductor
78. Transformer
    1. A transformer uses the concept of magnetic field to lower down voltages
79. Gravitational Force
    1. Another type of force that deals with gravity in space
       1. Comparison of Electric and Gravitational
          1. Electric
             1. Gravitational
          2. Coulomb's Law
             1. Newton's Law
          3. Electric Field
             1. Gravitational Field
          4. Electric Potential
             1. Gravitational Potential
          5. Force is attractive or repulsive
             1. Force is always attractive
80. Relation to other studies
82. Law of Reflection
    1. Similar to the diagram of equipotential lines
83. Usage in LCD
    1. An LCD contains a liquid crystal that is etched by two electrodes which is able to alter the liquid crystal depending on the p.d between electrodes
84. Polarization
85. Main Station (Please check Legend at right hand corner)