1. shock
   1. signs & symptoms
      1. initial
      2. shock develop
      3. brain's O2 supply weaken
   2. types of shock
      1. hypovolemic
      2. cardiogenic
      3. neurogenic
      4. anaphylactic
      5. septic
   3. management
      1. general
      2. hypovolemic shock
2. control bleeding
   1. direct
   2. indirect
   3. elevation
3. fluid resuscitation
   1. parameters
   2. fluid
      1. colloid
      2. cystalloid
      3. blood product
4. prehospital care
   1. secure airway
      1. endotracheal intubation
   2. control bleeding
   3. volume resuscitation
      1. cystalloid
   4. ventilation
      1. maintain spO2 at above 90
   5. immobilisation
5. who might need CT?
   1. accidents
   2. blunt abdominal injury
   3. head injury (low/fluc GCS)
   4. severe open wounds/ fractures
   5. SBP <90mmHg
   6. low haemaglobin: haematocrit level
6. who might need a laparotomy?
   1. SBP <90 mmHg
   2. peritonitis
   3. traumatic diaphragmatic injury
   4. infarction due to bleeding
   5. mesenteric tear
   6. solid organ injury (eg. kidney/spleen)