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『五力分析』
- 麥可·波特在1979年提出
- 定義一個市場的吸引力高低程度
- 影響市場吸引力的五種力量是個體經濟學面,
而非一般認為的總體經濟學面。
- 五種力量由密切影響公司服務客戶及獲利的構面組成
- 任何力量的改變都可能吸引公司退出或進入市場。
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Competitive rivalry of the industry
同業的競爭抗衡
- Sustainable competitive advantage through innovation
經由創新來持續競爭優勢
- Competition between online and offline companies
檯面上及檯面下的公司間競爭
- Level of advertising strategy
廣告宣傳策略的程度
- Flexibility through customization, volume and variety
透過客制化、大量化、多樣化的變化彈性
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Bargaining Power of Customers
客戶的議價威力
- Buyer concentration to firm concentration ratio
買家集中度對店家集中度比率
- Degree of dependency upon existing channels of distribution
對現有銷售通路的依存程度
- Bargaining leverage, particularly in industries with high fixed costs
用力講價,特別是在有高固定成本的產業中
- Buyer switching costs relative to firm switching costs
買家轉換成本相對於店家的轉換成本
- Buyer information availability
買家資訊取得性
- Availability of existing substitute products
現有替代品的取得性
- Buyer price sensitivity
買家價格敏感性
- Different advantage (uniqueness) of industry products
產業產品的差異優勢(獨特性)
- RFM Analysis
消費模型 RFM 分析
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Bargaining Power of Suppliers
供應商的議價威力
- Supplier switching costs relative to firm switching costs
供應商轉換成本相對於店家的轉換成本
- Degree of differentiation of inputs
投資上差異化的程度
- Impact of inputs on cost or differentiation
投資在成本或差異化上的影響
- Presence of substitute inputs
替代品投資的提出
- Strength of distribution channel
配銷通路的強度
- Supplier concentration to firm concentration ratio
供應商集中度對店家集中度比率
- Employee solidarity
員工團結力
- Supplier competition
供應商的競爭
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Threats of New Entrants
新進入者的威脅
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Existence of barriers to entry
進入門檻的存在性
- 專利配方 Patents
- 擁有權利 Rights
- 獨家來源 Exclusive resource
- 產品差異的規模經濟
Economies of product differences
- 品牌權益
Brand equity
- 轉換成本/沉入成本
Switching costs/ sunk cost
- 資本需求
Capital requirements
- 打開通路
Access to distribution
- 已有品牌的客戶忠誠度
Customer loyalty to established brands
- 絕對成本
Absolute cost
- 產業獲利性
Industry profitability
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Threats of Substitute Products
替代品的威脅
- Buyer propensity to substitute
買家傾向替換
- Relative price performance of substitute
替代品在相對價格上的效用
- Buyer switch cost
買家轉換成本
- Perceived level of product differentiation
產品的差異化的認知程度
- Number of substitute products available in the market
替代產品在市場上可用的數量
- Ease of substitute
取代的容易性
- Substandard product
次等產品
- Quality depreciation
品質貶降