1. Unilineal or 19th Century Evolutionism
   1. Explanation of diversity through lineal scale; Incorporates pervasive ideas of progress at the time, and in keeping with increased knowledge of geological strata; Laws of society comparable to laws of nature;
2. Culture Circles
   1. Diversity can be epxlained by diffucion, the radiating out of cultural traits, and traced back to several central regions of origin
3. Geographical or Environmental Determinism
   1. Diversity can be explained by environmental conditions (hot weather, cold weather, etc.)
4. Summary: Methodology, Resistant to Large Scale Encompassing Theories, Salvage Anthropology (saving evidence of different cultures before they are gone); No clear definition of Culture until later; Implicit idea of culture as explanatory in opposition to racial theory; broad interests, implicit holism; rejects Culture Circles, but acknowledges diffusion on a smaller, regional scale; Environment as a limiting factor (limits possibilities), not as an explanation.