1. Rooted in clinical work treating patients
   1. Theory leads to technical innovations
   2. Innovations led to new clinical data
   3. New clinical data led to new theories
   4. Started with hypnosis
      1. Found it less helpful in reaching problematic memories and feelings
      2. Symptom relief was temporary
      3. Permanent symptom relief
         1. Unconscious objectionable and disturbing material must become available to normal consciousness
         2. Hypnosis gave the analyst access to the secrets but remained secret from the patient
         3. Disturbing memories accessed during the hypnosis "slipped beyond reach again as the patient" was brought out of the hypnotic state.
      4. Any awareness the patient gained during hypnosis was lost when the hypnosis ended
         1. There was a mental force keeping the memories at bay
         2. Freud called this a "defense."
         3. Hypnosis artificially bypasses the defense
      5. Struggling with the clinical problem to remove this defense leads to advances in both theory and technique
         1. Theory: topographical model of the mind
         2. Technique: free association
2. Topographical Model
   1. Unconscious
      1. System Ucs
      2. Repository of unacceptable ideas and feelings
   2. Preconscious
      1. System Pcs
      2. Repository of acceptable ideas and feelings
      3. Capable of becoming conscious
   3. Conscious
      1. System Cs
      2. Repository of ideas and feelings in immediate awareness at any given time
   4. Theoretical shift leads to a clinical shift
      1. From the analyst discovering the patient's secrets through hypnosis
      2. To removing the patient's mental defenses against the secrets
      3. Efforts to dismantle the defenses completely rather than temporarily like hypnosis leads to free association
3. Free Association
   1. Similar to hypnosis
      1. Reclines on couch
      2. Quiet
      3. Induces a particular state of mind
         1. Between normal wakefulness
         2. and a hypnotic trance
      4. Analyst sits behind and out of direct vision
   2. Patient encouraged to say whatever comes to mind
      1. Do not edit
      2. Do not screen
      3. Follow tangents
      4. Passive observer and reporter of stream of consciousness
   3. Function
      1. Helps the analyst discern patient's secrets
      2. Defenses remain intact
         1. Defenses can be noted
         2. Defenses can be addressed
      3. Bypasses the normal process of editing of
         1. Disturbing feelings
         2. Unwanted ideas
         3. Conflicts
         4. Forbidden wishes
   4. Patient remains fully awake
   5. Impossible to do for very long
      1. Process breaks down in the face of defenses
      2. Patients stop talking
         1. Reach repressed material
            1. Disturbing feelings
            2. Unwanted ideas
            3. Conflicts
            4. Forbidden wishes
         2. Thoughts about the analyst
            1. Contain conflictual thoughts and feelings transferred from past
            2. Becomes object of intense
            3. Longing
            4. Love
            5. Hate
4. Transference & Resistance
   1. Patients resist free associating
      1. Embarrassing thoughts
      2. "Seemingly trivial" thoughts
      3. Thoughts pertaining to the analyst
   2. Resistance against free association are same force as the defenses that drove the original memories into the unconscious
      1. Transference and Resistance must be
         1. Exposed
         2. Identified
         3. Disolved
      2. Analyzing free associations and the resistances to free association provides access to both sides of the symptomatic conflict
         1. The secret thoughts and feelings
         2. The defensive thoughts and feelings rejecting the secrets