1. General principles
   1. Hormonal control
      1. GI Paracrines released by ENDOCRINE CELLS
         1. Somatostatin
         2. Histamine
      2. GI Neurocrines Neurotransmitters released by AXON
         1. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)
         2. Gastric-releasing peptide (GRP)
         3. Enkephalins
         4. Subtopic 4
   2. Autonomic control
      1. Parasympathetic stimulation that increase the activity of ENS
      2. Sympathetic stimulation that inhibits gastrointestinal activity
   3. Neural control: Enteric Nervous System
      1. Two plexus: Myenteric plexus and Auerbach's plexus
         1. Differences between the two plexuses
      2. Types of neurotransmitters secreted
         1. Acetylcholine
         2. Norepinephrine
         3. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
         4. Serotonin
         5. Dopamine
         6. Cholecystokinin
         7. Substance P
         8. Bombesin
         9. Neuropeptide Y
         10. Nitric oxide
   4. Physiological anatomy and Motility
      1. Smooth muscle functions as a Syncytium
      2. Electrical activity: Slow waves and Spike potentials
      3. Change in voltage of RMP
      4. Functional movement
         1. TONIC contraction
         2. PERISTALSIS propulsive movement
            1. Myenteric plexus in peristalsis
         3. SEGMENTATION contraction
   5. General functions/introduction
2. Propulsion and Mixing of food
   1. Ingestion of food
      1. Mastication (Chewing)
         1. Main causes
         2. Rebound contraction
         3. Function
      2. Swallowing (Deglutition)
         1. Main stages
            1. Voluntary stage
            2. Involuntary Pharyngeal stage
            3. Momentarily interruption the respiration
            4. Oesophageal stage
            5. Two types of Peristalsis
            6. Primary
            7. Secondary
            8. Receptive relaxation of the stomach
            9. Gastroesophageal sphincter
   2. Motor function of the stomach
      1. General features
      2. Storage function
         1. Basic electrical rhythm of the stomach wall
            1. Chyme
            2. Hunger contraction
      3. Stomach emptying
         1. Role of Pylorus
         2. Regulation of stomach emptying
            1. Gastric factors
            2. Effects of gastric food volume on Rate of Emptying
            3. Hormone Gastrin promotes stomach emptying
         3. Duodenal factors that inhibit stomach emptying
            1. Distention of duodenum
            2. The presence on any irritation of the duodenal mucosa
            3. Acidity of duodenal chyme
            4. Osmolarity of the chyme
3. Movements of the intestine
   1. Colon movements
      1. General functions
         1. Absorption of water and electrolytes form the chyme
         2. Storage of fecal matter
      2. Mixing movements or HAUSTRATIONS
      3. Propulsive movements or MASS MOVEMENTS
         1. Initiation by Gastrolic and Duodenocolic Reflex
            1. Result from distention of stomach and duodenum
      4. Defecation
         1. Defecation reflexes
   2. Small intestine movements
      1. Segmentation contraction or Mixing contraction
         1. Regularly spaced
         2. Isolated
         3. Irregularly spaced
         4. Weak regularly spaced
      2. Propulsive contraction
         1. Peristaltic Waves
            1. Controlled by Nervous and Hormonal signals
         2. Peristaltic Rush
      3. ILEOCECAL valve prevents backflow from the colon to the small intestine
         1. Feedback control by Reflex of the Cecum