1. General Systems Theory & ID
   1. Key Principles
      1. A system is ordered, a complex whole, open or closed, natural or contrived
      2. A system consists of components and processes
      3. There is a defined relationship between the various elements of a system and between the attributes of these elements.
      4. A system is hierarchical, existing within an environment, typically called a suprasystem, and containing smaller units called subsystems.
      5. The structure of the system determines its function.
      6. Within an open system, the environment can determine the quality of the products of the system by establishing constraints upon the system, and proved feedback that can either stabilize or reorganize the system.
   2. Philosophical Emphases
      1. Order, rationality, planning, and quantification
      2. Progressive self-organization
      3. Multiple and interdisciplinary points of view
      4. Nonlinear and synthesis thinking
   3. Basic Research Support
      1. Early biological research to identify interrelated system effects.
   4. Early Contributors
      1. GST
         1. Ludwig von Bertalanffy
         2. Kenneth Boulding
         3. C. West Churchmann
         4. Paul Weiss
      2. ISD
         1. Bela Banathy
         2. Walter Dick
         3. Roger Kaufman
         4. Leonard Silvern
   5. ID Applications
      1. ISD Models
   6. Supporting ID Research
      1. Some identification of Performance Environment Elements (e.g., Taylor & Ellis, 1991)
      2. Some model validation research (e.g., Higgins & Reiser, 1985; Tracey, 2008)
   7. Related Concepts
      1. ADDIE
      2. Equifinality
      3. Learning Objects
      4. Rapid Prototyping
      5. Systems Analysis & Synthesis
      6. Systems Approach
2. ID Domains/Elements Related to GST
   1. Learners & Learning Processes
      1. Learner Characteristics
         1. Demographics
         2. Individual Differences
         3. Beliefs & Attitudes
         4. Mental Models
   2. Learning & Performance Contexts
      1. Climate
         1. External Influences & Constraints
         2. Organizational Climate
         3. Physical Resources
      2. Environment
         1. Orienting Context
         2. Instructional Context
         3. Transfer Context
      3. Setting
         1. K-12 Schools
         2. Higher Ed
         3. Business/Industry
         4. Health Care
         5. Community
         6. Government
   3. Content Structure & Sequence
      1. Instructional Sequences
         1. Job Task Order
         2. Learning Difficulty Order
   4. Instructional & Noninstructional Strategies
      1. Feedback
   5. Designers & Design Processes
      1. Analysis
         1. Content
         2. Context
         3. Cost
         4. Job
         5. Learner
         6. Problem
         7. Organization
      2. Design & Development
         1. Goals & Objectives
         2. Strategy & Media Selection
         3. Rapid Prototyping
         4. Learning Objects
      3. Designer Characteristics
         1. Expertise
      4. Evaluation
         1. Formative
         2. Summative
         3. Confirmative
      5. ISD Processes
         1. ADDIE