1. Hazard Management
   1. Event Modification
      1. Mgnt. by using Environment Contol
      2. Hazard-Resistant design
   2. Vulnerability Modification
      1. Prediction and warning
      2. Community preparedness
      3. Land-use Planning
   3. Loss Modification
      1. Aid
      2. Insurance
2. Compiled by Tashi Tsering Sherpa
3. Earthquake Hazard
   1. Waves
      1. Body Waves
         1. P Wave
         2. S Wave
      2. Surface Wave
         1. Long Wave
         2. Rayleigh
   2. Measuring Instrument
      1. Richter Scale (magnitude)
      2. Mercallis Scale (Intensity)
   3. Earthquake Hazards
      1. Primary: * Ground Movement * Shaking
      2. Secondary: * Soil Liquefaction * Landslides * Avalanches * Tsunami
   4. Hazard Management
      1. Event Modification
         1. Management. by using Environment Control - Lessen Human-induced earthquake; dam construction
         2. Hazard-Resistant design - reduction in construction of multi-storey buildings - Flexible and shock absorber embeded buildings - Technologically fixed houses
      2. Vulnerability Modification
         1. Prediction and warning - Using GIS and seismic devices
         2. Community preparedness - Evacuation - Emergency Services
         3. Land-use Planning
      3. Loss Modification
         1. Aid
         2. Insurance
4. Volcanic Hazard
   1. Types of Volcanic eruption
      1. Basaltic magma (basic)
      2. Andesitic magma
      3. Rhyolitic Magma (acidic)
   2. Geographical Location
      1. Conservative plate margin
      2. Destructive Plate margin
      3. Hot Spots
   3. Hazards
      1. Primary Hazards
         1. Lava Flows
         2. Pyroclastic flows
         3. Ash and Tephra fall
         4. Volcanic gasses
      2. Secondary Hazards
         1. Lahars (Nevado del Ruiz
         2. Landslides
         3. Tsunami (Indonesia)
   4. Hazard Management
      1. Event Modification
         1. Management by using Environment Contol - water sprays and explosions
         2. Hazard-Resistant design - Strong roof with steep-sloping sides
      2. Vulnerability Modification
         1. Prediction and warning
         2. Community preparedness - Evacuation, temporary housing, food, etc
         3. Land-use Planning - Settlement away from volcanic mountains
      3. Loss Modification
         1. Aid
         2. Insurance
   5. Classification of Lava
      1. Classification and Flow characteristics of volcanic rocks
5. Theories
   1. Theory of continental drift
      1. Continental drift is the movement of the Earth's continents relative to each other. The hypothesis that continents 'drift' was first put forward by Abraham Ortelius in 1596 and was fully developed by Alfred Wegener in 1912. According to Wegener, continents were once joined together and he named it "Pangaea"
         1. Evidences
            1. Biology: Fossil of Mesosaurus found in only South Africa and Brazil
            2. Geology: Rock of Similar type, age, formation occur in Brazil and South Africa and the Appalachianmountains correspond geologically with mountains in north west Europe
            3. Climatology: Coal is found beneath the Antarctic ice-cap and evidence of glaciation had been noted in tropical Brazil and central India.
   2. Theory of Plate tectonics
      1. Plate Tectonic is a theory which describes the large scale motions of Earth's lithosphere. Tectonic plates are able to move because the Earth's lithosphere has a higher strength and lower density than the underlying asthenosphere.
         1. 8 Plates
            1. African Plate
            2. Antarctic Plate
            3. Indo-Australian Plate
            4. North American Plate
            5. South American Plate
            6. Pacific Plate
            7. Nazca Plate
            8. Euroasian Plate
         2. Evidences
            1. The discovery of mid-Atlantic Ridge
            2. Studies of palaeomagnetism in the 1950s
            3. Sea floor spreading
         3. Types of Plate Boundaries
            1. Constructive Margins (Greenland)
            2. Destructive margins (New Zealand)
            3. Continental plate and Oceanic Plate
            4. Oceanic crust and oceanic crust
            5. Continental crust and continental crust
            6. Collision margins (The Himalayas)
            7. Conservative margins (San Francisco, USA)