1. Carbohydrates
    1. Storage
      1. Skeletal Muscle
      2. Small Amount in Cardiac Muscle
      3. Liver
    2. Storage Form
      1. Polysaccharide (Glycogen)
        1. Glycogen
  2. Regulation of Glycolysis
  3. Glucose
  4. Hexokinase enzyme present
  5. G-6-P (Glucose-6-phosphate)
  6. Isomerization-Catalysed by Phosphohexose Isomerase
  7. F-6-P (Fructose-6-phosphate)
  8. Fructose -1,6-bisphosphate
  9. Enzyme PFK-1 present Firts Committed step
  10. ATP+Water -->>ADP + Pi - Exergonic Glucose + Pi ---> Glucose-6-Phosphate - Endergonic ATP + Glucose ---> Glucose-6-Phosphate + ADP + Pi- Coupling reaction is Exergonic
  11. Glucose is first phosphorylated at the hydroxyl group on C-6
  12. The D-glucose 6-phosphate thus formed is converted to D-fructose 6-phosphate by isomerism
  13. Inhibited by High levels of G-6-P by allosteric regulation
  14. The C-1 aldehyde group of glucose-6-phosphate is reduced to a hydroxyl group, and the C-2 hydroxyl group is oxidized to give the ketone group of fructose-6-phosphat
  15. D-fructose 6-phosphate which is again phosphorylated, this time at C-1, to yield D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
  16. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate is split to yield two three-carbon molecules, dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (step 4 ); this is the “lysis” step that gives the pathway its name. The dihydroxyacetone phosphate is isomerized to a second molecule of glyceraldehyde 3- phosphate (step 5 ), ending the first phase of glycolysis.
  17. 3-phosphoglycerate rearranges to form 2-phosphoglycerate by the enzyme phosphoglycerate mutase. Dehydration activates the phosphoryl for transfer to ADP
  18. Allosteric Regulation
  19. GA3P (Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate)
  20. DHAP (Dihydroxyacetone phosphate)
  21. 2x 2-PG (2-Phospholglycerate)
  22. Inorganic Phosphate
  23. Enolase Enzyme Present
  24. 2x Phosphoenolpyruvate
  25. Pyruvate Kinase
  26. Hydride = Proton + 2 Electrons
  27. Oxidation and Phosphorylation of GA-3-P with NADH produced
  28. 2x Pyruvate
    1. Aerobic Conditions - Oxygen Present
      1. Cellular Respiration
    2. Hypoxic/Anaerobic Conditions-No Oxygen Present
  29. Phosphoenolpyruvate is converted to pyruvate by pyruvate kinase. This step involves the transfer of a phosphate molecule to ADP to form 1 molecule of ATP
  30. 2 x GA3P
  31. 2x 1,3-BPG ( 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate)
  32. 2x 3-PG (3-Phosphoglycerate)
  33. 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate is converted to 3-phosphoglycerate by phosphoglycerate kinase. This step involves the transfer of a phosphate molecule to ADP to form 1 molecule of ATP.
  34. 3-phosphoglycerate rearranges to form 2-phosphoglycerate by the enzyme phosphoglycerate mutase.
  35. 2x Water
  36. 2x Ethanol + 2x Carbon Dioxide
    1. Fermentation to ethanol in yeast
  37. 2x Pyruvate
  38. Enters Transition Stage
  39. Causes pH to Decrease
  40. 2x Lactate
    1. The second route for pyruvate is its reduction to lactate via lactic acid fermentation. When vigorously contracting skeletal muscle must function under low-oxygen conditions (hypoxia), NADH cannot be reoxidized to NAD+ , but NAD+ is required as an electron acceptor for the further oxidation of pyruvate. Under these conditions pyruvate is reduced to lactate, accepting electrons from NADH and thereby regenerating the NAD+ necessary for glycolysis to continue
  41. Inhibited by High Levels of ATP Allosteric Regulation
  42. Phosphorylation
  43. Phosphorylation
  44. ADP
  45. ATP
  46. Fructose enters Glycolytic Pathway here
  47. Fructose in Small Intestine
  48. Galactose Enters Here
  49. ATP
  50. ADP