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Happenings
- Discovery of agents of many diseases
- Role of immunity in the prevention and cure diseases
- Studies on chemical activities of Microorganisms
- Improved techniques for performing microscopy and culturing microorganisms
- Developed vaccines and surgical techniques
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Highlights
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Fermentation and Pasturization
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Pasture was requested to find out
- why wine and beer soured
- How to prevent food spoilage
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Findings
- Soured because yeast convert the sugars to alcohol in the absence of air. But in presence of air bacteria changed alcohol to vinegar (acetic acid) - FERMENATION
- Leads to the establishment of the relationship between disease and microbes
- To overcome spoilage: Heat the beer and wine just enough to kill most bacteria - PASTEURIZATION
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Pasturization
- Used till today
- is the process of heating to a specific temperature for a predefined length of time and then immediately cooling it after it is removed from the heat
- The process slows spoilage caused by microbial growth in the food
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The Germ theory of disease
- First proven by Robert Koch in 1876 ( The winner of 1905 Nobel prize in Medicine)
- Discovered Bacillus anthracis in blood of cattle that died of anthrax - cultured the Bacteria - Inject into Healthy animals - animals sick and died - re isolate the bacteria- same with the inoculated ones
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Establishment of Koch's Postulates
- 1.The same Pathogene must be present in every case of disease
- 2.The Pathogen must be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture
- 3. The pathogene from the pure culture must cause the disease when inoculated into healthy laboratory animals
- 4. The pathogene must be isolated from the inoculated animal and must be shown to be the original organism
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Exceptions to Koch's Postulates
- 1. Some Micro organisms could not be cultured in artificial media - need to use another means such as tissue cells
- 2.Diseases caused by different species of Microorganisms could elicit similar symptoms
- 3.Some Pathogenes can cause several disease conditions
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Vaccination
- Established 70 years before Koch's discovery of anthrax
- Developed without knowing how it works by Edward Jenner (Father of Immunology)
- Jenner found that injections with cowpox protected agains smallpox. His method of immunization via vaccination ushered in the new science of immunology
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Jenner's Experiment
- Scrapings from cowpox blisters innoculated into healthy volunteer
- Volunteer became midly sick and recovered
- never contracted either cowpox or small pox again
- Vaccine for Small pox was developed!
- Theory confirmed by Pasture after 80 years using Bacteria that causes Fowl cholera