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Timelines
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Overall Timeline
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0400 BC
- 400 BC Greek Physician Hipocrates Treats mental patients
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Middle Ages
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0800
- 872 AD First documented hospital for the insane .
- built in Cairo by Ahmad ibn Tulun in 872
- 1000
- 1100
- 1200
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1300
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1365 - First European Asylum built in Granada Spain
- founded under the aegis of Islam
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1400
- 1407 First European Asylum built in Valencia Spain
- 1500
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1600
- 1600's Europeans increasingly isolate the mentally ill
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1700
- Late 1700's reforms begin appearing to improve the treatment of the mentally ill in France
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1800
- 1840's Dorothea Dix begins to lobby for 32 state hospitals and more humane treatment of the mentally ill.
- 1883 German psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin distinguishes mental disorders
- Late 1800's State mental hospitals become over-crowded and custodial care supersedes humane treatment.
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1900
- 1900's (early) psychoanalytical therapies ("talking cures") begin to take hold
- 1908 Clifford Beers publishes his autobiography, A Mind That Found Itself, detailing his degrading, dehumanizing experience in a Connecticut mental institution and calling for the reform of mental health care in America
- 1930's drugs, ect, insulin-induced comas, labotomies and other treatments beging to appear
- 1935 ECT emerges as a treatment for Schitzophrenia and Depression
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1946
- 1946 President Harry Truman signs the National Mental Health Act on July 3rd
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1949
- 1949 Lithium is first used to treat Manic Depression
- July 15, 1949, NIMH is officially Established in the US
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2000
- 2010 DPW Announces closure of Allentown State Hospital
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State Hospitals
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International
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European
- 1365 - First European Asylum built in Granada Spain
- founded under the aegis of Islam
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Islam
- 872 AD First documented hospital for the insane .
- built in Cairo by Ahmad ibn Tulun in 872
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Overall US State Hospitals
- 1500
- 1600
- 1700
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1800
- 1840's Dorothea Dix begins to lobby for 32 state hospitals and more humane treatment of the mentally ill.
- 1841 Institute of the Pennsylvania Hospital Opens
- 1874 Warren State Hospital built in PA
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1900
- 1912 Allentown State Hospital opens in PA
- 1919 Torrance State Hospital Opens in PA
- 1942 Charles Lord and other Conciencious Objectors during WWII are sent to work in State Hospitals.
- 1963 Community Mental Health Act passed
- 1965 Eastern State School and Hospital opens
- 1976 - Mental Health Procedures Act of 1976
- 1986 Pennhurst State School and Hospital Closes
- 1990 Philladelphia State Hospital Closes
- 1996 Eastern State School and Hospital Closes
- 1997 Institute of the Pennsylvania Hospital Closes
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2000
- 2010 DPW Announces closure of Allentown State Hospital
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Pennsylvania
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Allentown State Hospital
- 1912 Allentown State Hospital opens at Rittersville in Allentown, PA
- 2010 DPW Announces closure of Allentown State Hospital
- Norristown State Hospital
- Polk
- Pennhurst State School and Hospital
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Clark's Summit State Hospital
- 1862 Clarks Summit State Hospital originates as a Poor Farm
- Harrisburg State Hospital
- Mayview State Hospital
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Torrance State Hospital
- 1919 Torrance State Hospital Opens in Torrance, PA on November 25
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Warren State Hospital
- 1874 cornerstone for Center Building is laid for the State Hospital for the Insane at Warren, PA
- 1880 The State Hospital for the Insane at Warren, PA admits first patient on December 5 1880
- 1881 Dr. Curwen is elected as Physician and Superintendant of the Warren State Hospital for the Insane held from June 24, 1881 to June 15, 1900
- 1920 the name was changed to Warren State Hospital.
- 1922 Dr. H.W. Mitchell, Superintendent, Warren State Hospital, Warren, PA
- Wernersville State Hospital
- 1965 - 1995 Eastern State School and Hospital
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Advocacy and other Movements
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Anti-Stigma
- Housing Discrimination
- Workplace Discrimination
- Consumer Movement
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Organizations
- NAMI
- NIMH
- PMHCA
- Patients' Rights Advocacy
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Recovery Model
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Elements of Recovery
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Coping Strategies
- Coping and problem solving skills
- Management of traits or symptoms
- Identify stressors
- Medication
- Psychotherapy
- Self-help or Self Management
- Empowerment and Inclusion
- Hope
- Meaning
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Secure Base
- Freedom from Violence
- Housing
- Proposed Adequate Access to Healthcare
- Sufficient Income
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Self
- Recovery of durable sense of self
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Supportive Relationships
- Community
- Religious groups
- Volunteer
- Support Groups
- Educational Groups
- Any group or sub-group sharing a
common interest with the individual
- Family
- Friends
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Media
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Movies & TV
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"One Flew Over The Cuckoo's Nest"
- Oregon State Hospital
- Wikipedia film Info
- Wikipedia Novel Info
- Fox's "House"
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Fox's "Mental"
- My review of the pilot episode of "Mental"
- The Aviator
- Music
- News
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Questions
- Does media reflect or create public views of mental illness?
- How has the media impacted public opinion of mental illness?
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What Movies have ....
- Harmed the public opinion of mental illness?
- Improved public opinion of mental illness?
- Increased or Caused controversy about mental illness?
- Use of Patient Names in media
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National Public Radio (NPR)
- 12/30/2009 "WWII Pacifists Exposed Mental Ward Horrors"
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Misc. Online Resources
- A Brilliant Madness
- Asylum Projects
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Diagnosis
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Depression
- Bipolar
- Clinical Depression
- Post Partom
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Dissociative Disorders
- Dissociative Fuge
- Dissociative Identity Disorder
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People who influenced the treatment
of people with mental illness
- Benjamin Franklin
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Carrie Fisher
- "Being Carrie Fisher"
- 10-18-2009 "Star Wars, Stigma, and Carrie Fisher" - MentalHelp.net
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Dorothea Lynde Dix
- Activist
- 1840's Dorothea Dix begins to lobby for 32 state hospitals and more humane treatment of the mentally ill.
- Mike Wallace
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Thomas Story Kirkbride
- Architecture of the State - Kirkbride plan
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Founded or co-founded
- Association of Medical Superintendents
of American Institutions for the Insane
- Kirkbride Plan
- Kirkbride's treatment method
- 1942 Charles Lord and other Conciencious Objectors during WWII are sent to work in State Hospitals.
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Politics
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Federal
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Community Mental Health Act of 1963
- Wikipedia entry
- 1976 - Mental Health Procedures Act of 1976
- International
- Policy
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State
- Psychiatric Advanced Directives
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Questions
- What role have politicians played in how the mentally ill have been treated?
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With regards to mental illness, which Political Parties have traditionally been ...
- Friendly
- Apathetic
- Hostile
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With regards to mental illness, which Presidents have typically been ...
- Friendly
- Apathetic
- Hostile
- Do all states hold the same views when it comes to mental illness?
- Which states tend to be leaders in the the mental health field?
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Religion
- Catholic
- Free Masons
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Islam
- 872 a.d. First documented hospital for the insane built in Cairo by Ahmad ibn Tulun
- Quakers
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Questions
- What role has religion played in treating the mentally ill?
- Did religious leaders make declarations or decrees effecting the care, treatment or general view of the mentally ill?
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Are there Religions who's views of the mentally ill have traditionally been ...
- Apathetic?
- Friendly?
- Hostile?
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Research & Technology
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Questions
- Has research influenced the care of mentally ill?
- What role has research played in treatments available?
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Terminology
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800 maristans
- Used in 800's in Islamic region as a name for first specialized hopspitals for the insane ... inspired by the Qur'an
- Asylum
- Deranged
- Institute
- Institution
- Lunatic
- Mental Hospital
- Mental Institute
- Poor House
- Snake Pit
- State Hospital
- State School
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Treatment
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Questions
- How has treatment changed over the years?
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Who or what caused treatments to change?
- Political Changes
- Public Opinion
- Advances in Technology
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When did community based treatment start becoming common practice?
- Pennsylvania
- USA
- Internationally
- Where is community based treatment said to have it's roots?
- Who is credited with initiating and/or promoting the idea of community based treatment as opposed to treatment in state hospitals?
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Treatment Methods
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Both Inpatient and Outpatient
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EMDR
- EMDR Institute
- Adaptive Information Processing (AIP) Model
- Francine Shapiro Ph.D.
- EMDR Network
- 8 Phases of Treatment
- 1 History and Treatment Planning
- 2 Preparation
- 3 Assessment & Reprocessing
- 4 Desensitization
- 5 Installation
- 6 Body Scan
- 7 Closure
- 8 Revelation
- Hypnosis
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Labotomy
- The Lobotomist
- Psychopharmacology
- Psychotherapy
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Inpatient
- ECT
- Hydrotherapy
- Insulin Shock
- Outpatient
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Restraints and Seclusion
- 1998 Allentown First State Hospital to go "Seclusion Free" last use of seclusion was in November 1998
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Treatment Settings
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Inpatient
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Long-term
- First State Hospitals
- International
- Where is the first documented State Hospital internationally?
- 872 AD First documented hospital for the insane .
- built in Cairo by Ahmad ibn Tulun in 872
- Europe
- 1365 in Spain
- Pennsylvania
- What were the beliefs or ideals about the care and treatment of patients were held by those involved in starting the first state hospital?
- Where was the first State Hospital built in Pennsylvania?
- Who was involved in building it?
- Why was it built?
- USA
- Who was involved in getting it built?
- Where was the first State Hospital built in the US?
- Patient Background
- What kinds of reasons were people admitted to state hospitals?
- Financial?
- Political?
- Disputes?
- Medical?
- Mental?
- Legal?
- Orphaned or Abandoned?
- What ages have people been admitted at?
- Purpose
- How has their purpose changed since their start?
- Were State Hospitals used for research purposes?
- Were State Hospitals used strictly for treating mentally ill or were there other purposes for them?
- US State Hospitals
- Greystone Park Psychiatric Hospital
- Articles
- April 14, 2009
"TV show 'House to film at
Greystone Park Psychiatric Hospital"
- Kirkbride Buildings
- Oregon State Hospital
- Pennsylvania Facilities
- Closed
- Eastern State School and Hospital (ESSH) 1965 - 1996
- Asylum Projects
- The Eastern State School and Hospital Page
- The Pennsylvania Bulletin
- Mayview State Hospital
- Pennhurst State School and Hospital - Spring city, PA ? - 1986
- Philladelphia State Hospital (Byberry) ? - 1990
- News Articles
- "Old Byberry State Hospital site will be put up for sale"
- The Institute of the Pennsylvania Hospital
1841 - 1997
- Open
- Allentown State Hospital
- History
- 1901 Site selected with assistance from Germantown Homeopathic Medical Society of Philadelphia
- 1904 Cornerstone laid on June 27th
- 1912 completed
- 1912 opened October 3
- 1950 Census peaked at 2,012 patients
- 1998 Two hours of program off the unit every weekday was instituted as a unique Centralized Program in September of 1998
- 2010 DPW Announces closure of Allentown State Hospital
- Census
- Declined in part because of ....
- Mental Health Procedures Act of 1976
lead to an increase in community mental health services
- developments in the field of psychopharmacology
- a transfer of funding from the State Hospitals to the community through the Community Hospital Integration Program Project (CHIPPs).
- Club 44
- First in the nation to eliminate seclusion rooms as a treatment modality for people in crisis. In addition, the long standing use of physical restraints and unscheduled medications have been replaced by extensive staff training in verbal intervention and communications that facilitate de-escalation and an increased understanding of stressors and issues for the person in crisis.
- First Superintendent was Dr. Henry Klopp a Homeopathic Physician
- 1930 Dr. Klopp and developed a psychiatric treatment program for psychiatrically impaired children. This program, under the direction of Dr. Klopp, was opened in 1930 and functioned as the only program of its type in the state until the 1960s when Eastern State School and Hospital was opened. The Mental Health Institute for Children, as it was called, maintained a population of 140 children from across the state during the years when it was the only statewide facility for children. With the development of alternate programs in the community and construction of a State Hospital dedicated to children and adolescents, the need for the facility became less crucial and the unit was closed in June of 1992.
- Over time hospital transitioned from it's original homeopathic treatments towards the Medical Model
- seclusion, restraint and prn medications was replaced by the philosophy of "The more you do with the patients, the less you have to do to them".
- Serves Lehigh, Northampton, Carbon, Monroe, Pike Counties
- Clarks Summit State Hospital
- Danville State Hospital
- Norristown State Hospital
- Torrance State Hospital
- Warren State Hospital 1874 to present
- Articles
- Kirkbride Buildings Blog
- September 6, 2007
"Secretary of Public Welfare Responds to Warren State Hospital Closure Rumors"
- The Lobotomist
- US News
- 01-03-2010 mystery of George Allen Kieth's walk from Warren State Hospital
- Cemetary
- Kirkbride Buildings
- September 17, 2008
"Silent Witnesses"
- September 27, 2008
"Rededication"
- Wernersville State Hospital
- Short-term
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Restraint and Seclusion
- Articles
- "Past and Current Views on the Use of Restraints and Seclusion"
- The Truth about Prone Restraint
- Federal Policy
- Restraint Types
- Chemical
- Mechanical Restraints
- Physical Management
- State Policy
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Outpatient
- Mental Health Procedures Act of 1976