1. Anterior Pituitary
   1. Acidophils
      1. Somatotrophs: GH
      2. Lactotrophs: PRL
   2. Basophils
      1. Thyrotrophs: TSH
      2. Corticotrophs: ACTH
      3. Gonadotrophs: FSH
      4. Gonadotrophs: LH
2. Posterior Pituitary
   1. SON cells: ADH
   2. PVN cells: Oxytocin
3. Factors:
4. GHRH (+)/Somatostatin (GHIH) (-)
   1. GH
5. TRF (+) Dopamine (-)/Somatostatin(-)
   1. PRL
6. TRH (+)
   1. TSH
7. CRF (+)
   1. ACTH
8. GnRH (+)
   1. FSH/LH
9. ADH
10. Oxytocin
11. Stimuli: 1) Partuition 2) Nipple stimulation 3) Hypertonicity
12. Uterine Contraction
13. Let-down reflex
14. Mammary glands: causes milk to be let down into subareola sinus
15. Important for cervical dilation at birth
16. Osmolarity (1-5%) sensed in the hypothalamus
17. Blood volume (15-20%): sensed by baroreceptors & relayed via brain stem
18. V1 receptors: G-protein linked
    1. Arterial smooth muslce constriction
    2. Hepatocytes: glycogenolysis
    3. Pituitary cells: ACTH secretion
19. V2 receptors: G-protein linked
    1. Act at kidney through cAMP & adenylate cyclase to increase H20 reabsorption
20. Growth Hormone
    1. Liver
21. ANP(-)
22. IGFs
    1. (+) amino acid uptake
    2. (+) protein synthesis
    3. Decreased plasma [amino acid]
23. (-) glucose uptake in cells
24. (+) glycogenolysis --> (+) plasma [glucose]
25. Stimuli: exercise, stress, sleep (all +)
26. (+) lipolysis: TAG --> FFA + Glycerol (+) plasma [FFF]
27. Negative feedback
28. Other cells
    1. Bone (+ growth)
    2. Fat (+)
    3. Muscle (+ growth)
    4. Stimulates proliferation, differentiation, metabolism
29. Stimuli: suckling, sleep, stress
    1. Prolactin
       1. (+) Leydig cells to produce testosterone
       2. (+) Mammary glands & milk production
       3. (-) [Oestrogen] & [Testosterone]
          1. *Responsible for loss of menstruation in lactating women
30. TSH
31. Thyroid
    1. T4
    2. T3
    3. Increase plasme [T4]/[T3]
       1. T4/T3 are transcription-activation factors when bound to receptors located in almost all tissues.
          1. (+) Growth
          2. (+) CNS development
          3. (+) CVS: C.O, blood flow, rate, strength, resp via up regulation of beta adrenoceptors
          4. (+) Metabolism: mitochondria, Na+ absorption, gluconeogenesis, glucogenolysis, lipolysis, BMR, protein synthesis
32. (+) TRF
    1. Stimulus: (+) Cold (-) Anxiety
33. Glucocorticoids: Cortisol
    1. Metabolic:
       1. Carbs: (+) gluconeogenesis, glycogen synthase (-)
       2. Lipids: (+) Lipolysis, free fatty acids
       3. Proteins: (+) catabolism, (-) amino acid uptake, (-) fibroblast function (+) caloric intake
    2. Haematopoietic:
       1. (-) lymphocytes, eosinophils, monocytes
       2. (-) T cell function (IL-1, IL-2, TNF)
       3. (-) B cell activation
       4. Increases apoptosis
    3. Sundry:
       1. Bone: (+) bone reabsorption, (-) osteoblatic function
       2. CNS: neuronal & glial function reg.
       3. Electrolytes: increase GFR, renal K+ secretion
       4. Promotes cellular differentiation (in fetus)
       5. Inhibits growth
    4. Inflammation:
       1. Potent anti-inflamm effects
       2. Increases susceptibility to infection
       3. Deficiency can result in uncontrolled inflamm. response
    5. Free cortisol: only free is excreted in urine & measuring gives measure of plasma levels that day
    6. Therapeutic uses:
       1. Addison's Disease = low cortisol. Symptoms = weight loss, vomiting, depression, loss of appetite
       2. Topic
       3. Inflammatory diseases: asthma, rheumatic disorders, allergic disorders, crohn's dx, thyroiditis
34. Stimulus: (+) K+ & (+) Renin-Angiotensin system
35. ACTH
36. Minerocorticoids: Aldosterone
    1. (+)Distal tubule reabsorption of Na+
37. LH
38. CRF (+) ADH (+)
39. Testosterone
    1. Topic
    2. (+) Spermatogenesis
    3. (+) Male secondary sexual characteristics
40. FSH
41. Follicle Cells
42. Ovulation (Day 14)
43. 1) LH Surge: rate-limiting step
44. 2) Granulosa/Theca cells convert to mainly Progesterone secretion
45. 3) Progesterone results in expulsion of ovum
46. 4) Cells then Leuteinize (LH) & become Corpus Luteum following ovulation
47. 5) Corpus Luteum secretes large amounts of progesterone & estrogen
48. Growth
49. At 9-12y.o, these hormones increase in level
50. Days 1-4: 6-12 primordial follicles --> primary follicles
    1. rapid proliferation of granulosa cells
51. Secondary Follicle : Development of 2nd layer of cells, Theca cells.
    1. Theca interna: secrete androgens-Testosterone & Progesterone
       1. FSH stimulates Testosterone to move into granulosa cells & is converted to Estrogen by aromatase
    2. Theca externa: highly vascular capsule
52. Vesicular cell growth: 2 stimuli
    1. (1) Estrogen secreted by theca cells & up-regulates FSH receptors & increases receptor sensitivity
       1. (2) FSH & Oestrogen combine to promote LH receptors on original granulosa cells
53. Tertiary cells form through FSH & LH
    1. Rapid growth occurs once both hormones synergise
54. Atresia --> 1 Mature follicle
55. From Primordial to Antral stage (mostly FSH alone)
56. Leydig Cells
57. 6) Becomes Corpus Albicans 12 days post-ovulation
58. 7) Sudden cessation of secretion of androgens & inhibin removes (-) feedback so cycle can begin again
59. Lutein cells also secrete Inhibin (-)
60. Sertolli Cells
61. Spermatogenesis: Spermatids --> Sperm