-
Trait, major psychodynamic, social-psychological, and self theories
-
Myers Briggs Type Indicator , Myers 1962
- used for race discrimination of employment--Griggs v. Duke Power Co
-
Trait Theories
-
Allport Trait Theory 1937
- Traits = personality constructs
- Dispositional
- 18k>4.5K traits Allport & Odber 1936
-
Letters From Jenny 1965
- a thinly veiled account of his mother’s letters to his wife and himself spanning more than a decade, summarises “Jenny’s” personal traits
-
Ascendance-Submission Reaction Study 1928
- Idiographic research= focus on individuals and uniqueness rather than general laws
- Nomothetic research= study of universal personality characteristics
- Extraversion=Major&Common personality traits
- Especially important for Eysenck’s 1968
- Proprium- self part of trait theory
-
Mischel 1968- traits & behavior correlations rarely exceed 0.30= low
-
Bem and Allen 1974
- agreeableness , but not in conscientiousness . only when low variability in their behaviour
-
Eddy & Sinnett 1973
- etroverts spent more time in parks and lobbies
-
Motive Based Personality theorists
- Adler 1927
- Freud 1926
- Jung 1961
-
Murray 1938
- Produced most comprehensive list of motives
- Followers examine specific motives
-
Murray's Thematic Apperception Test - TAT - 1935
- males with high achievement motive score= choose careers & that supply reg feedback
-
Cattell 1943
- Produced rival Motives list to Murray 1938
-
Cattell blurred distinctions between Motives, Traits and Intelligence
- Dynamic Traits = Unconscious Motives
- Temperament Traits = Conscious Personality Traits
- Ability Traits = Intelligence
-
Psychodynamic Theories
-
Psychodynamic concepts
-
Motive-the concept
- effects individuals behaviour over certain situation & points in time
- Motives are unconsciously experiences
- Personality problems start in early childhood
- these problems repeat in later adulthood
- Personality= result of early relationships & unconscious fantasy
-
Freud 1900-Psychoanalytic theory
- unpleasant truths=hidden by defense mechanisms
- wishes- beliefs- fears- conflicts & memories = drive us
-
3 primary motives= sex, aggression & anxiety reduction
- 2 motives= Eros=life instinct-(sex motive) & Thanatos= death instinct (aggression motive)
- Neo Freudians - restored Anxiety as a major concept
- Oedipus & Elektra complex's
- Id- Ego & Super Ego
-
3 Models of mind
- Topographical model
- Mental content located at the following levels
- Conscious
- Preconscious
- Unconscious
- Freud- most of peronality lies here
- control behaviour thru unconscious- tho its natures precludes controlling it
- Structural model
- Id
- Ego
- Super Ego
- Genetic (developmental) model
- distinct stages- organised around sexuality
- Oral
- Anal
- Urethral
- Phallic
- Genital
- Libido- psychic energy arising within the Id
-
Empirical Support
- Silverman et al 1976- support for unconscious motives conflicts determining behaviour
- Silvermans results not replicated- eg Allen & Condon 1982 + Heilbrun 1982
- Freud didnt do empirical research
- Homosexuality=Psychopathology?
- Rejected assumption by APA 1974
- Silvermans research 1976
-
Critisism
- Too much emphasis on sexuality
- Not much focus on Social compared to Biological
- sexist + heterosexist
- too much emphasis on mental illness
- Hard to Prove & Disprove
-
Contributions
- first to draw attention on - Unconscious
- first to draw attention on - Internal
- Freud= most inflential Psychologists overall
- Almost all personality theories stem in some way from Freud
-
Jung 1921- Analytical Psychology
- once Freuds heir- disagreed on many aspects of psychoanalytic theory
- Freud over emphasised sexuality & failed to see constructive aspects of unconscious
-
'The Total Personality'
- Ego - personal conscious & its complexes
- collective unconscious & its archetypes
- inherited from ancestors--humna/prehuman
- Persona/collective conscious= anima & animus shadow
- Intro/extra-version
- Functions of= thinking- feeling- sensing & intuiting
- The Self = center of whole personality
- Freud stresses the infantile origins of personality whereas Jung emphasized the racial origins of personality
- Similar to Freud- emphasis on similarities not differences
- predomance of personality structure explains individual differences in personality
-
2nd most infulential theory- especially on trait theorists
- intro/extraversion in all factor-analytical personality theories
-
Adler 1923- Individual Psychology
- critisises Freud and Jung for over emphasising biological,- not attention on social
- innate potential for relating to others
- social interest= survival thru cooperation
-
Birth Order
- 1st = conformist and individually oriented
- middle = best-adjusted of all children
- APA 1984- Middle child= juvenile delinquency & adult criminality high
- Last = relatively non-conformist and interpersonally oriented
- Overcompensation
- Striving for Superiority
- Lifestyle Typology
- Helped establish psy as social science- but not v.influential
-
2nd tier psychodynamic
-
Sullivan 1953
- Interpersonal week 4
- Wiggins
- Fromm
- Leary
- Murray's Personology Theory
-
Identity, humanistic/existential, factor-analytic trait, cognitive/behavioural, and personal construct theories
-
Factor-Analytic trait theories
- Factor anlaysis an extremely useful tool in assessing the internal validity of psychological scales –as a means toward identifying the major personality traits.
-
Cattell 1943
- Cattell simplifies trait universe by finding basic structure relied on factor analysis- thus correlation coefficients
-
4.5K List of traits >semantically similar clusters of synonyms > paired semantic opposites= 160 >+ more from litrature >choose representative term = 171 terms
- 100 ppl rated others on 171 terms> corelations identifed within terms=60 terms
- > cattells analysis and scrunty of terms & literature =35 terms
- > Factor analysis of rating data (L-Data) from more ppls ratings of personality produced 12 terms + 4 from additional studies
- = 16 personality (trait) factors
-
Cattell 16 Personality Factor Inventory--16PF (1970)
- 1st survey of personality traits based on Allports trait theory
- Temperament (personality) traits =(15)
- Ability trait = 1 (Intellengence)
- Critisms
- The 16PF not as widely --or in as controversial a manner --as the MBTI.
- -ve--Cattell’s attempt to include intelligence as a personality trait insistence on maintaining a large number of correlated trait dimensions disdain for certain tests of reliability.
- factor rotations done by hand= mistakes- However Cattell insisted on using 7/9 to 16(23 for abnormal)
- personality traits are manifestations of chronically experienced emotions
-
Eysenck 1967
- The 'Big Two'---Originally proposed all major personality traits could be captures by 2- Neurotiticism & extraversion dimensions
-
Eysenck Personality Questionnaire EPQ 1967
- Extraversion link to ARAS
- Neurotiicism link to Autonomic Nervous System - ANS
- Gray 1981-response
-
Eysenck Personality Inventory EPI 1976
- Psychoticism = 3 constructs
- Conscientiousness.... following ones intentions
- Openess....explore other perspectives
- Agreeableness...friendly towards others
-
Critisms
- Cattells Critism
- cattell and eysenck differ in factor analysis/rotation methodology
- Eysenck = Orthogonal method
- Cattell = Oblique method
- Cattell used Factor analysis in an exploratory way to discover personality [raits
- Eysenck used factor analysis to test previously formulated hypotheses about likely personality traits
- too few factors
- Psychoticism = ill-defined +mislabled?
-
Contributions
- popularising research on extraversion and neuroticism
- encouraged interest in Jung's analytical psy
-
Seen as Cattell & Eysenck have 2 diff conceptualisations of personality one must be wrong?
- E- a few factors preferred C- detailed analysis
-
Costa & McCrae 1985
-
the "Big Five" personallity traits--OCEAN
- Most influential studies using Cattells trait rating scales
- in both studies--subjects split into small groups- and rated others on bipolar personality trait scales--factor analysed to produce the Big 5
- Tubes & Christal 1961
- Norman 1963
- cattell has too many factors because he used unreliable scales
- B5 found in childrens & older adults ratings
- Costa & McCrae 1985- BIG5 popular revision
- NEO-PI- 1985 = measure of the Big5
- originally only 3- additional work uncovered 2 more
- Critisisms
- too few factors
- western based, but can be generalised universally
- contributions
- A good compromise between Cattell and Eysenck
- accomodates by most if not all personality trait theories
- Openness
- open to experience as revealed by their artistic and intellectual interests, their creativity and imagination, the liberal, untraditional values, independence and impracticalness.
- Conscientiousness
- Extraversion
- Agreeability
- Neuroticism
-
Intergration Big 5 & Interpersonal trait perspectives
-
Wiggins 1979
- (circular) Circumplex Model of Interpersonal Traits
- not originally interested in explaining all of personality
- Intrest in explaining traits reflected in behaviour to others
- Replicated Learys interpersonal trait axes of Dominance and Nurturance
- Expanded IASR-B5 to include Big5
- Abridged Big Five Dimensional Circumplex (AB5C) measures Big Five & interpersonal traits simultaneously
-
Keys to intergration
- Big5 Extraversion = Interpersonal High Dominance & Nurturance
- Big5 Agreeableness= low Dominance & High Nurturance
- Costa & McCrae moved to Bio perspectives/ Wiggins maintained Social perspectives
-
Factor Analytic Criticism
-
Allport 1937
- Most Factor-Analytic trait theorist= clinical not academic research
- the factors in these theories have no true relations to actual individuals, they misrepresent reality
- critisisms based on allports background
- --critisism come from idiographic work---work on individuals
- rather than what hes famous for -Nomothetic work--work on large groups
- dispite a reduction in Allport & Odbers -1936 traits- it has Increased popularity of Allports trait theory
- Interpersonal theories
-
Special Topics in Individual Differences
- Intelligence
- Behaviourism wk11