1. G. V. BLACK'S CLASSIFICATION OF DENTAL CARIES
   1. CLASS 1
      1. Restorations on: Occlusal surface of molars and premolars.
      2. Facial and lingual surfaces of molars.
      3. Lingual surface of maxillary incisors.
   2. CLASS 2
      1. Restorations on the proximal surfaces of posterior teeth.
   3. CLASS 3
      1. Restorations on the proximal surface of anterior teeth that does not involve incisal angle
   4. CLASS 4
      1. Restorations on the proximal surfaces of anterior teeth involving the incisal edge
   5. CLASS 5
      1. Restorations on the gingival third of the facial or lingual surfaces of all teeth
         1. Retention grooves placed in Occusal & Gingival area.
         2. Gingival depth- 0.75-1 mm
         3. pulpal wall is absent
   6. CLASS 6
      1. Restorations on the incisal edge of anterior teeth or occlusal cusp heights of posterior teeth.
2. BUR BLADE DESIGN
   1. Design of dental bur:
      1. The bur head may be divided into 6 or 8 blades (also called teeth, flutes)
      2. Each flute or blade has a leading side "FACE", and a trailing side "Back" with an angle in between, called the "flute Angle" or blade angle.
   2. RAKE ANGLE
      1. An angle created between the face of the blade with the radius of the bur.
         1. SIGNIFICANCE
      2. The rake angle may be positive, Zero (radial), and negative, depending on whether the radial line is ahead,over-lying or tailing the face of the blade respectively.
   3. CLEARANCE ANGLE
      1. The space between each two, successive blades
      2. space where the chips formed during the cutting procedures collect and get eliminated
      3. Too small, the formed chips will remain in-between the bur blades, causing its clogging generation of more heat and loss of effectiveness.
   4. CONCENTRICITY
      1. measurement of symmetry of bur head
   5. RUNOUT
      1. This is a dynamic test measuring the accuracy with which all blade tips pass through a single point when the instrument is rotated.
   6. MODIFICATIONS
      1. Reduced number of crosscuts
         1. Since at high speed, crosscuts tends to produce rough surface, newer burs have reduced number of crosscuts.
      2. Extended head lengths
         1. Burs with extended head length have been introduced so as to produce effective cutting with very light pressure.
3. CLASSIFICATION OF HAND INSTRUMENTS
   1. CUTTING HAND INSTRUMENTS
      1. Excavators
      2. ordinary hatchets
      3. Hoes
      4. Angle formers
      5. spoons
      6. chisels
         1. Straight
         2. Curved
         3. Bin angled
      7. enamel hatchets
      8. Gingival marginal trimmer
   2. OTHER CUTTING INSTRUMENTS
      1. Knives
      2. Files
      3. Scalers
      4. Carvers
   3. NON-CUTTING HAND INSTRUMENTS
      1. Amalgam Condensors
      2. Mirrors
      3. Explorers
      4. Probes
4. PRINCIPLES OF CAVITY PREPARATION
   1. Initial cavity preparation:
      1. Step 1: Outline form and initial depth.
         1. initial depth of 0.2-0.8mm pulpally into dentin.
         2. gingival margin of the cavity must provide minimal clearance of 0.5mm with the adjacent tooth.
         3. RULE FOR CUSP CAPPING
            1. <1/2 Cusp involved
            2. No cusp Capping
            3. 1/2 -2/3 cusp involved
            4. consider capping
            5. >2/3 Cusp involved
            6. mandatory cusp Capping
      2. Step 2: Primary resistance form.
         1. shape and placement of the cavity walls that best enable both the restoration and tooth to withstand masticatory forces along long axis of the tooth, without fracture
         2. Features
            1. Relatively flat floors
            2. Box shape cavity
            3. Preservation of cusps and marginal ridges
            4. Rounded internal and external line angles.
            5. Cusp capping when indicated.
         3. Minimum Thickness of Restorative Material
            1. Amalgam
            2. 1.5 mm
            3. Cast metal
            4. 1-2 mm
            5. Porcelain
            6. 2 mm
      3. Step 3: Primary retention form.
         1. shape or form of the prepared cavity that resists displacement or removal of the restoration from tipping or lifting forces.
         2. Occlusally converging external wall & occlusal dovetail
         3. retention grooves or coves are the primary retention forms.
         4. Mechanical bond using acid etching and dentin bonding agents.
      4. Step 4: Convenience form.
         1. shape or form of the cavity that allows adequate observation, accessibility and ease of operation in preparing and restoring the cavity.
   2. Final cavity preparation
      1. Step 5: Removal of carious dentin
         1. infected dentin must be removed & affected dentin must be selectively removed depending on RDT.
      2. Step 6: Pulp protection
         1. 2mm of bulk must be there between restoration and pulp. This is called as Effective Dentinal Depth
         2. It may include dentin,liner or base
      3. Step 7: Secondary resistance and retention forms
         1. Locks, pins, slots, steps and amalgapins provide the secondary retention form.
         2. Pins and slots increase both retention and resistance forms
      4. Step 8: Procedures for finishing external walls.
         1. cavosurface angle of 90° produce maximal strength for both enamel and the restorative materials.
      5. Step 9: Cleaning, inspecting, conditioning.
5. INSTRUMENTATION
   1. Instrument Formula
      1. Given by GV Black
      2. 3 no Instrument Formula
         1. First unit-Width of the blade in tenths of a millimeter.
         2. Second unit-Length of the blade in millimeter.
         3. Third unit - Angle the blade forms with the axis of the handle in centigrade.
      3. 4 no Instrument Formula
         1. First unit-Width of the blade in tenths of a millimeter.
            1. eg GMT Angle former
         2. Second unit - Angle the cutting edge forms with the axis of the handle in centigrade.
         3. Third unit-Length of the blade in millimeter.
         4. Fourth unit - Angle the blade forms with the axis of the handle in centigrade.