1. Role of heart, blood vessels, kidneys in contributing to arterial blood pressure and circulating pressure
   1. Heart
   2. Blood vessels
   3. Kidneys
      1. Blood volume = important for BP
         1. which depends on the kidney
   4. ARTERIAL BP = CO x SVR where CO = SV x HR SVR = majority of resistance comes from arterioles
      1. # arterial BP depends on cardiac contractility, heart rate and arterial tone
2. Major afferent sensors that detect pressure and volume in the vascular system
   1. Pressure
      1. Baroreceptors
   2. Volume
      1. Juxtaglomerular cells
      2. Volume stretch receptors
3. Controlling response of major effector organs
   1. Nervous System
      1. Blood Pressure
         1. Sympathetic
            1. Heart
            2. tachycardia
            3. contractility
            4. Beta-1
            5. Blood vessels
            6. arteriolar constriction
            7. venoconstriction
            8. Alpha-1
            9. Adrenal medulla
            10. secretion of catecholamines (A, NA)
            11. Kidney
            12. arteriolar constriction
            13. renin secretion
            14. Alpha-1
            15. Beta-1
         2. Parasympathetic
            1. Heart
            2. bradycardia
            3. Muscarinic
      2. Blood Volume
         1. Sympathetic
            1. as above for BP
   2. Endocrine System
      1. Blood Volume
         1. RAS
            1. efferent arteriolar constriction
            2. systemic vasoconstriction
            3. aldosterone release (adrenal cortex)
            4. vasopressin release (posterior pituitary)
            5. thirst
   3. Local Mediators
      1. Blood Volume
         1. Vasopressin/ADH
         2. Natriuretic peptides
4. How CV system responds to haemorrhage
   1. Definition of Haemorrhage
      1. rapid loss of blood leading to acute reduction in intravascular volume
      2. Some are an immediate threat to volume and pressure
   2. Immediate haemodynamic consequences
      1. decrease in intravascular volume
         1. decrease in venous return
            1. decrease in arterial blood pressure
            2. decrease in perfusion to organs
            3. decrease in capillary pressure
   3. Afferent sensors
      1. arterial baroreceptors
         1. sympathetic activation
         2. parasympathetic suppression
      2. atrial stretch receptors
         1. sympathetic activation
      3. juxtaglomerular cells in kidneys
         1. sense reduced sodium delivery and arteriolar pressure
            1. renin release
   4. Response
      1. initial compensatory responses
         1. tachycardia
         2. vasoconstriction
         3. contractility increased
         4. catecholamine secretion
         5. sweating
      2. later responses
         1. renin, vasopressin, aldosterone secretion
         2. capillary resorption of ECF
      3. with continued haemorrhage
         1. renal perfusion sacrificed
         2. oliguria
         3. cerebral blood flow threatened
         4. HYPOVOLAEMIC SHOCK
5. Nature of receptors and how receptors are linked to CV responses