1. History of MicroBiology
    1. Science of Microbiology dates back 250 years
    2. But MycoBacterium tuberculosis DNA has been discovered in 3000 years old Egyptian mummies
    3. The science started by invention of Microscope in 1660 by robert hooke
      1. Micrographia is a book written by him that describes Microscopic world
      2. His study on thin slices of cork was the most famous microscopical observation
      3. Coined the word Cell
      4. Marked the beginning of Cell Theory (All living things are composed of cells)
    4. Micrographia inspired Anton Van Leeuwenhook
      1. No University degree or language skills
      2. Passion to grind lenses and made simple microscopes
      3. Discovered bacteria and protozoa
    5. Discovery of Van Leeuwenhook led to Proposing of SPONTANEOUS GENERATION
      1. Spontaneous Generation Theory: Life arise spontaneously from nonliving organic mater
      2. Evidences to this Theory
        1. John Needham: Heated nutrient fluids and poured them into covered flasks. were teeming with Micro Organisms when cooled
        2. Lazzaro Spallanzani disapproved Needhom's theory because he thought the fluids were not boiled long enough But he also thought the source of Micro organisms was from the air as the flasks were covered only
    6. BIOGENESIS THEORY
      1. Radulf Virchow challened the Spontaneous Generation Theory with this Theory
      2. LIving cells can arise only from preexisting living cells
    7. Spontaneous Generation vs Biogenesis issue was finally resolved in 1861 by Louis Pasteur's experiment
      1. A
        1. filled several short necked flasks with Boiled broth and boiled the content , some of them sealed and some left opened
        2. The ones Sealed after Boiling: No MicroOrganisms
      2. B
        1. Placed broth in open-ended long necked flasks bent into S shape and boiled the contents on the flasks and cooled, Unsealed them , No signs of life
        2. Conclusions
          1. 1.Air passed through but curved neck trapped airborne Microorganisms
          2. 2,Microbial life can be present every where and can be destroyed by heat
          3. 3.Methods can be devised to block the access of airbone microorganisms to nutrient environments
          4. Basis of ASPETIC TECHNIQUES
  2. Micro-Organisms
    1. Minute living structures that usually can't be seen by unaided eyes
    2. Also called Microbes
    3. Virus
      1. Not Cellular (Acellular))
      2. Very small, Electron Microscope is needed for seeing it
      3. Simple Micro-Organisms with DNA or RNA
      4. Reproduced by using cellular machinery of host
      5. Inert Biochemical Complex ( Living inside host but non-living outside host)
    4. prokaryote
      1. Bacteria/archea
        1. Singular: Bacterium
        2. Unicellular Procaryote
        3. Various shapes ( Spindle, Irregular, Circular).
        4. Reproduce by binary Fission
        5. Enclosed in cell walls. Unique component: Peptidoglycan _ Plants: cellulose cell wall
        6. Genetic Material is not enclosed in a nuclear membrane
        7. Various Margins, Elevations, Sizes, Textures, Appearances, Pigmentions and Optical properties.
    5. Eukaryote
      1. Algae
        1. Singular: Alga
        2. Photosynthetic Eukaryotes
        3. Unicellular or Multicellular
        4. Component of cell wall: Cellulose
        5. Reproduction: Sexual and Asexual
        6. Important in food chain
      2. Protozoa
        1. Singular: Protozoan
        2. Unicellular
        3. With Movement (Pseudopod, Flagella or cilia)
        4. live as free entities or Parasites
        5. Aquire nutrients by adsorption or ingestion from enviroment
        6. Reproduce sexually or asexually
      3. Fungi (Yeasts and Molds)
        1. Sigular: Fungus
        2. Unicellular or Multicellular
        3. Reproduce Sexually or Asexually
        4. Acquire nutrient by adsorption
        5. large Multicellular Fungi: Mushrooms
        6. Most typical Fungi:Molds
  3. Microbes effects on our lives
    1. infections
    2. Spoilage of food
    3. Basis of food chain in the water environments (Marine,Lake and Rivers)
    4. Recycling Process (C, N cycles and etc)
    5. Photosynthesis
    6. gI tract digestion and synthesis of vitamins in bodies ( B and K)
    7. Products from microorganisms for various industries (Antibiotics, Organic acids, Enzymes)
  4. Golden Age of Microbiology (1857-1914)
    1. Happenings
      1. Discovery of agents of many diseases
      2. Role of immunity in the prevention and cure diseases
      3. Studies on chemical activities of Microorganisms
      4. Improved techniques for performing microscopy and culturing microorganisms
      5. Developed vaccines and surgical techniques
    2. Highlights
      1. Fermentation and Pasturization
        1. Pasture was requested to find out
          1. why wine and beer soured
          2. How to prevent food spoilage
        2. Findings
          1. Soured because yeast convert the sugars to alcohol in the absence of air. But in presence of air bacteria changed alcohol to vinegar (acetic acid) - FERMENATION
          2. Leads to the establishment of the relationship between disease and microbes
          3. To overcome spoilage: Heat the beer and wine just enough to kill most bacteria - PASTEURIZATION
        3. Pasturization
          1. Used till today
          2. is the process of heating to a specific temperature for a predefined length of time and then immediately cooling it after it is removed from the heat
          3. The process slows spoilage caused by microbial growth in the food
      2. The Germ theory of disease
        1. First proven by Robert Koch in 1876 ( The winner of 1905 Nobel prize in Medicine)
        2. Discovered Bacillus anthracis in blood of cattle that died of anthrax - cultured the Bacteria - Inject into Healthy animals - animals sick and died - re isolate the bacteria- same with the inoculated ones
        3. Establishment of Koch's Postulates
          1. 1.The same Pathogene must be present in every case of disease
          2. 2.The Pathogen must be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture
          3. 3. The pathogene from the pure culture must cause the disease when inoculated into healthy laboratory animals
          4. 4. The pathogene must be isolated from the inoculated animal and must be shown to be the original organism
        4. Exceptions to Koch's Postulates
          1. 1. Some Micro organisms could not be cultured in artificial media - need to use another means such as tissue cells
          2. 2.Diseases caused by different species of Microorganisms could elicit similar symptoms
          3. 3.Some Pathogenes can cause several disease conditions
      3. Vaccination
        1. Established 70 years before Koch's discovery of anthrax
        2. Developed without knowing how it works by Edward Jenner (Father of Immunology)
        3. Jenner found that injections with cowpox protected agains smallpox. His method of immunization via vaccination ushered in the new science of immunology
        4. Jenner's Experiment
          1. Scrapings from cowpox blisters innoculated into healthy volunteer
          2. Volunteer became midly sick and recovered
          3. never contracted either cowpox or small pox again
          4. Vaccine for Small pox was developed!
          5. Theory confirmed by Pasture after 80 years using Bacteria that causes Fowl cholera