1. 1 Definitions of
   1. Language
      1. Structured communication system
   2. Dialect
      1. Regional/ social variation
2. 2 Mutual Intelligibility
   1. Hindi vs. Urdu
   2. Norwegian vs. Swedish
3. 3 Distinction Between Language and Dialect
   1. Distinction
      1. political and social factors
         1. "A language is a dialect with an army and a navy"
         2. Languages gain status
            1. through
            2. power
            3. standardization
            4. influenced by power, prestige, and political decisions
      2. rather than purely linguistic
         1. linguistic perspective
            1. languages and dialects follow grammatical rules and structures.
4. 4 Standard Language vs. Dialect
   1. Standard
      1. social Prestige
      2. as superior to local dialects.
         1. by influential groups
      3. Used in
         1. education
            1. Standardized language policies in education
            2. disadvantage children
         2. media
         3. official settings
   2. Dialects
      1. may not be mutually intelligible
      2. considered non-standard
5. 5 Dialect Continuum
   1. Gradual change
      1. in linguistic features across regions
   2. adjacent dialects are mutually intelligible
   3. but distant ones may not be.
6. 6 Linguistic Hierarchy
   1. Some dialects gain prestige
      1. become standard
   2. while others remain regional or marginalized.
7. 7 Sociolinguistic Perspective
   1. Examines
      1. how identity, politics, and culture shape
         1. the classification of languages and dialects.
   2. Social Perception
8. 8 Educational Implications
   1. Educators
      1. impose
         1. standardized languages
            1. on Children
      2. disregarding
         1. their home languages.
   2. Understanding the relationship between
      1. language and power
         1. create more
            1. inclusive
            2. educational policies.
            3. equitable approach
            4. to Language Education