1. Final Exam
   1. Chapters
      1. Pg. 316 on chap 11
      2. 12
      3. 13
      4. 14
   2. Lecture
      1. Intensive because of a lack of material
2. Neanderthals
   1. Introduction
      1. 1856 the first neaderthal skeleton is recognized as a different species
      2. Marcellin Boule says Neanderthals are brutish and dull
      3. Boule was looking at elderly skeletons
      4. Came from either Homo Erectus or Homo Heidelbergensis
   2. Geo
      1. Range
         1. Europe
         2. Asia Minor
   3. Time
      1. 350 kya to 28 kya
      2. possible split from AMH 500 kya
      3. Some say Neaderthals and AMH interbred
   4. Culture
      1. Tools
         1. Mousterian Industry
            1. Neaderthals
            2. Flake tools
            3. Levallois technique
      2. Subsistence
         1. Lots of meat
         2. High protein diet
         3. Fairly healthy diet
         4. hunting is very important to N~ and so they get injured frequently
      3. Compassion
         1. First evidence for helping hurt members
         2. Burying and burial ritual
            1. Digging graves
            2. Grave goods
            3. Carefully placed
      4. Symbolism
         1. possible for them to protray abstract ideas
         2. 1% of Neaderthals had red hair
   5. Morphology
      1. Larger brain than AMH
      2. Different from H. Erectus
         1. Large nasal aperture
            1. cold climate adaptation
         2. Prominent supraorbital ridge
         3. Circular eye orbits
         4. Skull capacity 1,550 cc
      3. Cranium
         1. Slightly larger incisors
         2. Occipital bun on back of skull
         3. Long, Flat, Low Skull
            1. no forehead
         4. Retromolar Gap
         5. Midfacial prognathism
      4. Chest
         1. Shorter, Stockier Stature
         2. Average height 5' 6"
         3. Larger areas for muscle attachments
         4. Thicker more robust limb bones
         5. prob adaptation cold
3. Rules
   1. Bergmann's Rule
      1. Animals in colder climates have stockier and larger bodies
      2. THis creates an increased body mass to surface ratio which helps to retain heat
      3. surface area to body mass
4. Modern Humans
   1. Morphology
      1. Longer distal limbs
      2. Cranial 1450 ccs
      3. Narrow Thorax
      4. Vertical forehead
      5. Female Mitochonria shows no neaderthal DNA
   2. Culture
      1. Tools
         1. Fishing
         2. Great variety of tools
         3. Religious activities
            1. Figurines
            2. monumental architecture
         4. Writing
            1. Cunieform
            2. Hieroglyphics
   3. Time
      1. Leave africa 195 kya
      2. Go to america by 20 kya
      3. europe 40 kya
      4. central asia by 67 kya
   4. Geo
   5. Introduction
5. What happa?
   1. Hypotheses
      1. Multi-regional
         1. After homo erectus spread to africa genes flowed freely between populations so AMH could procreate with neaderthals.
            1. Evidence
            2. Neaderthal
      2. Replacement (out of africa)
         1. When homo erectus came out of africa, they got seperated. AMH replaced Neaderthals.