1. Southeast Asia
   1. Angkor State
      1. Time
         1. AD 802-1431
      2. Ankor Wat
         1. Topic
      3. Developments
         1. Water Management
         2. Water Runoff system
         3. Multiplex Canals and Tunnels
         4. Why? A Paradox
            1. Climate is unforgiving
            2. Rainy Season (too much)
            3. Dry Season (not enough)
2. Africa
   1. Egypt
      1. up to us
   2. The Great Zimbabwe
      1. Time
         1. AD 1290 - 1450
      2. Developments
         1. The Great Enclosure
            1. Topic
         2. Extensive Trading Network
            1. Arabs
            2. Persians
            3. Swahilis
            4. Chinese
            5. What do they have?
            6. glass from the near east
            7. chinese objects
            8. Across the Indian Ocean
3. Writing
   1. Heavily Associated with the State
   2. God of Writing in Egypt
      1. Topic
      2. Thoth
   3. States and Writing arrive at the same time
   4. The Sign
      1. Signifer
      2. Signified
      3. Where does it come from?
         1. Constructed Social Ideology?
         2. How did writing come about?
            1. Origin of Mesopotamian Writing
            2. Denise Schmandt Besserat
            3. believes that writing developed from clay tokens used for accounting
            4. Sgnf
            5. III
            6. Sgnd
            7. Sheep
      4. Reifying the Sign
         1. Heiroglyphs
            1. Not a picture, but not a perfect alphabet either
         2. Alphabets
            1. The Quick Brown Fox Jumps Over The Lazy Dog
            2. Aztec Writing System
            3. Heterogenic mixture of Pictorals and Alphabet
   5. Function of Early Writing
      1. Accounting/Administrative
      2. Labeling/Describing
      3. Commemoration of Elite Activites
      4. Religious Function
4. Early Writing System
   1. Cuneiform
      1. literally "wedged-shapes"
      2. Time
         1. 3400 BC
         2. Development
            1. Signs in Cuniform are adapted for Akkadian, Babylonian, and Assyrian needs
   2. Egyption Heirogylphs
      1. Time
         1. 3300 BC
      2. Hieroglyphic
         1. Godly
      3. Hieratic
         1. Commercial, everyday
   3. Maya Heiroglyphs
      1. Time
         1. 300-200 BC
   4. Easter Island Rongo-Rongo
      1. Time
         1. Before 1864
         2. The last man who spoke rongo rongo died in the middle of the 19th century
      2. Development
         1. Written on wooden tablets
         2. independently development
         3. undeciphered