1. Future
   1. Potential with HTML5
      1. Location awareness
   2. Scenarios
      1. Getting from A to B
      2. Specific location information
   3. Augmented Reality
      1. Tied up with advertising
      2. Some say too specific
         1. Really about virtual experience in physical environment
      3. Some say needs to be tightly defined
         1. e.g. Layar & Google Skymap are different
            1. Purpose, openness, etc
      4. 'Ambient buildings'
         1. Anything that 'augments' everyday experience
      5. Not going to be so big
         1. More location-based stuff
            1. Privacy issues
      6. Talk to Pervasive Media Studio (Bristol)
      7. Lot of opportunities, no real case studies yet
         1. 'Stealth technology'
            1. Needs 'conduit' to mass adoption (me)
      8. Lots of potential
      9. www.inter-life.org (mix of virtual and real worlds)
   4. Social Learning
      1. Next big thing according to James Clay
   5. iPad
      1. The future, according to James Clay
      2. Hyped out of all recognition
         1. iPod touches are better for education (David Sugden)
         2. No one device to do everything
      3. Android tablets potentially useful
      4. People starting from the wrong place
         1. Issue = institutional vs student-owned devices
      5. New category? Maybe
         1. Killer device? No
            1. 1st generation (no comparison iPhone 1 vs 4)
         2. Android tablets
            1. Pricing
            2. Devices on the way
            3. Texas 'Blaze'
            4. Move towards 'mobile thin clients' with cloud storage?
         3. Display devices will become as ubiquitous as ballpoint pens
   6. Open/Closed debate
      1. Practitioners probably not thinking about this at moment
      2. Also about apps vs open web
         1. Publishers interested in apps because easier to make money
         2. Apps aren't going away because so profitable
      3. 'Platform agnosticism'
         1. Cloud computing
      4. Open will prevail (Ian Singleton)
         1. But more complicated than that
      5. Be careful of bandwagons
         1. Need to focus on accessibility
      6. Room for both?
         1. Lowest common denominator = most important
   7. Mobile operators
      1. Changing how they sell mobile data
         1. Billing
            1. Possible to have tariff plans based on location (postcode, optimization, etc.)
            2. Strategy important
            3. Institutional recommendations
            4. Wifi-enabled dual-mode devices
            5. More of a 'dongle' debate
   8. Modules/courses
      1. Institute of Education
         1. MA in ICT in Education
         2. MsC in Learning Technologies
   9. User-generated content
      1. Explosion in FE/HE
   10. Hamstrung by assessment regimes in secondary
       1. Need to teach 'mobile phone proficiency'
          1. Mobiles currently 'playthings'
       2. Need to separate teaching and assessment
          1. Branding
   11. More project-based learning
       1. Semi-formal learning
   12. Unconferences & grass-roots events
   13. Devices with projectors built-in
       1. Key issue = responsibilities
       2. Pico projection
          1. Consumer devices 2012/13
             1. Built into mobile devices
             2. Need to think not only about output but inputs as well
   14. Distribution = key
   15. Cloud computing
       1. Goes hand-in-hand with mobile
       2. More you can outsource the better
   16. Mobile maturity
       1. Many projects repeating previous mistakes
       2. Desktops/laptops are office-based technologies
   17. Trends
       1. Smartphone sales will surpass PC sales by 2012
          1. http://voices.washingtonpost.com/posttech/2010/06/mobile_internet_exploding_onli.html
       2. More smartphones (93m) will be sold than basic phones (90m) in 2011
          1. http://voices.washingtonpost.com/posttech/2010/06/mobile_internet_exploding_onli.html
       3. 10 global trends from the World Bank blog
          1. http://blogs.worldbank.org/edutech/10-global-trends-in-ict-and-education
       4. Universities looking at using smartphones as learning tools
          1. e.g. Stanford iApps
             1. http://studentapps.stanford.edu/iapps.html
          2. More use of mobile video
             1. http://mashable.com/2009/03/08/mobile-video/
          3. Students active rather than passive
             1. http://blogs.ubc.ca/brian/2008/11/when-im-drivin-free-the-worlds-my-home-more-on-going-mobile/#more
          4. Safety
             1. http://www.ravewireless.com/news/10/02/2009
       5. The Internet in 2020? Mobile
          1. Survey
             1. http://www.elon.edu/e-web/predictions/expertsurveys/2008survey/mobile_internet_2020.xhtml
       6. Everything connected
          1. WideSPIME
             1. http://www.widetag.com/technology/widespime/
          2. Convergence
             1. http://tarina.blogging.fi/2008/10/18/speaking-at-mobile-monday-amsterdam/
          3. Kurzweil's 'Singularity'
       7. Third spaces in libraries
          1. 'Thinkering Spaces'
             1. http://www.id.iit.edu/ThinkeringSpaces/
       8. Bite-size learning content
          1. Microlectures
             1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microlecture
       9. Micropayments
          1. http://gigaom.com/2008/11/12/apples-iphone-offers-the-ideal-micropayments-platform/
       10. Huge increase in touchscreen mobile device sales during 2010
           1. http://www.gartner.com/it/page.jsp?id=1313415
       11. Apps as the 'secret sauce'
           1. p.83 of Morgan Stanley report
              1. https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http://www.morganstanley.com/institutional/techresearch/pdfs/Theme_2_Mobile_Ramping.pdf
           2. Benefits/challenges of native apps
              1. p.162 of Morgan Stanley report
              2. https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http://www.morganstanley.com/institutional/techresearch/pdfs/Theme_3_Apple_Leading.pdf
           3. Benefits/challenges of web apps
              1. p.163 of Morgan Stanley report
              2. https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http://www.morganstanley.com/institutional/techresearch/pdfs/Theme_3_Apple_Leading.pdf
           4. Moving to netbooks as well
              1. e.g. Jolicloud
       12. Increasing power of mobile devices
           1. Smartphone in 2009 as powerful as desktop in 2001
              1. p.111 of Morgan Stanley report
              2. https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http://www.morganstanley.com/institutional/techresearch/pdfs/Theme_2_Mobile_Ramping.pdf
           2. 3 types of mobile/wireless device
              1. p.115 of Morgan Stanley report
              2. https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http://www.morganstanley.com/institutional/techresearch/pdfs/Theme_2_Mobile_Ramping.pdf
           3. 5 trends converging
              1. p.125 of Morgan Stanley report
              2. https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http://www.morganstanley.com/institutional/techresearch/pdfs/Theme_2_Mobile_Ramping.pdf
       13. Google attempting to 'Windowize' mobile devices through Android
           1. p.182 of Morgan Stanley report
              1. https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http://www.morganstanley.com/institutional/techresearch/pdfs/Theme_3_Apple_Leading.pdf
       14. Testing out of devices
           1. 'Loanership'
              1. e.g. Duke University
              2. http://cit.duke.edu/services/lab/exploratory_equipment.html
       15. Predictions for 2020
           1. http://www.slideshare.net/rudydw/mobile-trends-2020
           2. And some for 2010
              1. http://www.slideshare.net/TrendsSpotting/2010-mobile-influencers-trend-predictions-in-140-characters-by-trendsspotting
           3. Lifetime of devices
              1. e.g. cassette tapes/ CDs / Google Wave
           4. 'Embedded sensors' misleading term
              1. Some embedded in mobile, some in home/school
              2. By 2020 will be widespread
              3. Technology exists now for an 'Internet of Things'
              4. Barriers = cost/culture
              5. 'Common sense' (what's acceptable
              6. Purpose/solution
           5. People will stop using keyboards
              1. Other technologies
              2. Voice
              3. Gesture
              4. Emotion
       16. Bluecasting
           1. Zigbee as alternative
              1. Very low power
           2. Watch NFC (Near Field Communications)
              1. Similar to RFID, etc. but 3" radius
              2. Transport data over v. short distances
              3. e.g. Oyster cards
              4. Replace dinner money/library fines, etc.
              5. Sony, Toshiba, et al
              6. Jetstream (530MB/sec)
              7. Wave camera in front of TV to transfer photos
              8. Security in proximity
              9. Context (location-awareness)
              10. Can integrate with GPS (places in building)
              11. Differential, marked GPS
       17. Ambient buildings
           1. Embedded clothing
              1. RFID sign-on
              2. One step on from PortableApps
              3. c.f. BMW/Mercedes key presses
       18. Disposable devices
           1. Mobile devices in vending machines
              1. Powered by cloud
              2. Interoperability & standards issues need to be ironed out
              3. Digital identity everywhere
   18. Change in education
       1. Distance/home-based learning
          1. Not just classroom
       2. Pressure to do things differently
          1. Government finances
             1. OU in Higher Education
             2. Open Schools?
          2. Employer pressure
          3. Cultural pressure
             1. Visual learning at home (consoles, etc.)
2. Current practice
   1. Fragmented landscape
      1. Could hinder educational use
         1. Suggestions
            1. Key bits of info on website
            2. Investigate exciting new hardware
      2. Two reasons
         1. Innovative stuff being done by practitioners taken for granted (by them & institution)
         2. MoLeNet reticence to engage with publications
      3. Public perception that homogenizing, but not the case
      4. Divide between pragmatic and academic approach
   2. Relationship with desktop machines
      1. Fuzzy line
      2. Mobile should do things better
   3. Students
      1. Need to build on critical mass
      2. Use surveys to find what the state of play is
         1. Things going mainstream & achieving 'critical mass' important
            1. Positive externalities
            2. e.g. Fax machines more useful the more people have them
      3. Higher proportion with smartphones than general population
         1. 99% will have smartphones within 2-3 years
         2. Social networking integration?
            1. Facebook = c.40% of mobile internet traffic
            2. Examples of pro-social networking
            3. Warrington College
            4. Chesterfield College
   4. 'Context' is big keyword at the moment
      1. Learning 'in' and 'across' contexts
      2. e.g. mobile payment systems in Africa
         1. Result of ubiquity of mobile devices
            1. Copper wires would be stolen
            2. Infrastructure issue
   5. VLEs
      1. Current idea to put VLEs on mobile devices
         1. Will fail because not appropriate
      2. Move towards digestible pieces of learning
      3. Blackboard going to add mobile element
   6. Location-based
      1. Lots happening at the moment
         1. Has gone mainstream along with games-based learning
            1. University campuses perfect for this
            2. Make Freshers info available year-round
      2. Move to Augmented Reality
         1. e.g. Museum of London iPhone app
         2. HARP
            1. http://isites.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=harp&pageid=icb.page69587
   7. Senior Managers
      1. Want simple stuff (e.g. SMS)
         1. Equality of access considerations
         2. Pragmatic, context-sensitive works best
      2. Tension
         1. Economic best practice
         2. Pedagogic best practice
      3. Should take advantage of iTunesU and OpenCourseWare
      4. Can improve retention through personalisation
         1. 8-10% improvement? (need source)
      5. Problem = see ILT as cost-saving measure
         1. Although mobile learning can help with retention ('bums on seats')
      6. Resistance to change mostly from IT people
      7. Shouldn't erode teachers' skills by stereotyping
   8. Response systems
      1. Bluetooth
      2. Wifi
      3. Twitter
      4. SMS
         1. e.g. edutxt, JANET text, txttools
            1. http://www.edutxt.co.uk/preloginjsp/edutxt/index.jsp
         2. Plenty of potential left
   9. Digitization projects
      1. JISC
      2. This is the problem - substitution rather than revolution
   10. MoLeNet works because teachers experiment
       1. Catalyst
       2. Need examples of things that *don't* work
   11. Bluetooth is a dying technology
       1. Being replaced by email and uploading directly
          1. Smartphones increasingly have functionality
   12. Reducing friction
       1. e.g. Eee PCs & Dropbox
          1. Case study from Chesterfield College
   13. Mobile games devices
       1. PSPs, Nintendo DS, etc.
          1. Pilot studies promising
          2. PSPs good
             1. Screen size
             2. Camera
             3. St Helen's College, Lancs. (case study)
          3. DS working well at Ashton-under-Lyme 6th form college
          4. Blackburn College using iPhones with teacher training
   14. Mobile devices banned or frowned upon in many places
       1. Ethical considerations
   15. iTunesU
       1. Dominated by filmed lectures
   16. Convergent devices
       1. e.g. iPhone
          1. Question becomes not 'how?' but 'what?'
   17. Student-owned devices
       1. Too expensive/too much friction for institution-provided
       2. Digital divide/social justice issues with using student-owned
       3. Great leveller
          1. Connectivity issues = main barrier
   18. Passive use
       1. Media given to students
          1. Need to be creating (David Sugden)
             1. Evaluation & comparison skills
   19. Barriers
       1. Classroom management
       2. Philosophy of Heads of IT/Estates
          1. Need to praise IT staff
             1. Remove blame culture
             2. ITQ for mobile learning has potential
          2. "Like plumbers telling chefs how to cook" (GBM)
       3. Accessibility
          1. Disabilities
          2. Connectivity
       4. Speed of technology obsolescence
          1. Standards/interoperability
   20. Look at library community
       1. Virtual tours
       2. QR codes
       3. Wireless solutions
   21. Problems
       1. Wireless overload
          1. 32 concurrent users on 802.11g
             1. Wireless protocols
             2. Mesh (military tech)
             3. Look at Israelis
             4. Layered wireless
             5. 3-4 levels of users
             6. Bandwidth
          2. WiMax "won't happen in Europe"
             1. 4 competing standards
             2. LTE
             3. WiMax
             4. 3G
             5. 4G
             6. In US, most laptops WiMax-enabled (satellite-based)
             7. Good download, poor upload (slight delay)
             8. Lowestoft using until recently
             9. No gaming!
       2. Data security (perception)
          1. People lose devices
             1. Andy's work suggests otherwise
       3. Can't sustainably buy classroom sets of devices
          1. Even cheap stuff
       4. 'Society in motion' (Big Issues in Mobile Learning)
3. Past 3 years
   1. Benefits of mobile access
      1. Topic
         1. Create anytime/anywhere version of current offerings
            1. Trivial to do
            2. Currently just screen-size changes
   2. No mechanism for collective purchasing
      1. Topic
         1. Need something similar to CHEST?
   3. MoLeNet
      1. Only small-scale projects up to 2006
         1. MoLeNet started in 2007
      2. Publications
         1. 'Go Mobile' (with JISC TechDis)
         2. Games technology for learning
      3. MoLeNet Academies set up after Year 1
      4. Resulted from initial European projects
         1. Follow-up work from LSC
      5. 40,000 learners involved in projects
         1. 7-8,000 members of staff
      6. Change in activities
         1. No longer focused on shiny toys
            1. Greater understanding of e-learning
      7. Doesn't bring out all elements of 'mobility'
   4. JISC
      1. JISC eBook collections observatory project
      2. Rapid innovation grants
         1. Language students able to record colloquialisms
         2. Mobile campus at Bristol
         3. Historical maps
      3. Landscape study (2008)
   5. Lots of interesting things happening because of extra features of mobile
      1. e.g. video, GPS
         1. PSPs especially good
         2. Media delivery easier
            1. No longer need laptop for audio/video
   6. About tablet PCs as well as smartphones
   7. Clear standards r.e. technology for doctors/nurses, etc.
      1. Not in education
   8. Move away from PDAs
      1. Wifi on smartphones
         1. No need for data contract
      2. More mobile-friendly sites/apps
         1. e.g. iPadio
   9. Not just mobile phones, tablets, etc.
      1. Also digital cameras (e.g. Busby)
         1. Students use own memory card
   10. Focus on the shiny shiny
       1. Problem of 'dancing bearware'
          1. Alan Clark, 'The Inmates Are Running the Asylum'
4. Other
   1. Education's relationship to commercial mobile technologies/opportunities
      1. Being behind 'hype curve' = a good thing
         1. Topic
            1. Means education can cherry-pick
      2. e.g. email used by businesses first
         1. click to add more
      3. Assumption that commercial always innovative is wrong
         1. Education needs flexibility
      4. eBooks tested with OU in 2001
         1. Have tested several things since then (poor usability with Kindles)
            1. Knew what to do with iPad immediately
      5. Education has direct relation to consumer technologies
         1. Cloud storage of educational material
            1. J-Cloud or G-Cloud?
   2. What is a 'mobile device'?
      1. 17" MacBook Pro?
         1. To do with location of learner
      2. Four different types
         1. People who have huge investment in e-Learning
         2. Academics looking for ultimate device
         3. Changing pedagogies using technologies
         4. Standards
   3. m-learning is not an improverished version of e-learning
   4. Research funding
      1. Social improvement (e.g. LSN, NIACE) --> tends to be uncritical
      2. Research activity (e.g. research councils) --> tends to be obscure
         1. Bubbling of research activity, but no real sustainable approaches
   5. Mobile learning is moving fast
      1. Institutions aren't
      2. Mobile devices change pedagogies
         1. Unlike IWBs, etc.
   6. MFL using mobile devices a lot
      1. Spoken element
      2. Situated element
      3. Ability to break stuff down
   7. London Mobile Learning Group
      1. Brings together people from range of backgrounds
      2. Database of projects
   8. Talk of 'net generation' = too simplistic
      1. About behaviours & awareness
         1. Not necessarily generational
   9. Easier to get stuff onto Android devices
   10. ROI
       1. Difficult to prove
          1. Becta did some work on this
             1. Difficult to prove
   11. Numbers
       1. 82m mobiles in UK
          1. 130% penetration
             1. 3 reasons
             2. Work/personal phone
             3. Second phone for work (specialists)
             4. Growth in machine-to-machine
             5. e.g. smart meters
       2. Ofcom figures out recently
          1. Annual report
       3. 5 billion mobiles worldwide
          1. Will grow (some say) to 20 billion by 2020
             1. Connectivity
             2. 'Internet of things'
   12. Starting point
       1. Every institution needs a digital strategy
          1. Access/download from internet
             1. Wireless
             2. Speed
             3. Capacity
          2. Digital library
             1. Access ebook material/course content
             2. VLEs imply proprietary (need to be more open)
             3. Ease of access
             4. Across traditional boundaries
             5. Changing focus on institution
          3. Needs to be a solution to a problem
          4. How 'mobile' does the learning need to be?
          5. Learners need to be comfortable with devices
          6. Need to pick a point to support (continuous improvements in tech)
          7. Need to consider infrastructure
          8. Start with end point and work backwards
          9. Data 'cleans itself' if tech used properly
       2. Advice to senior managers
          1. Appliance management
             1. Asset registry
             2. Owned/students/visitors
             3. O2 have
             4. Huggers (static)
             5. Hoppers (mobile)
             6. Visitors
             7. Follow through so mobile devices can access VLE, etc.
5. International
   1. Lack of legacy infrastructure
      1. Exciting things happening as a result
      2. Pragmatic, as opposed to philosophical concerns
   2. Countries/areas to look at
      1. Australia
         1. Early innovators
            1. Distances involved
            2. Group of pioneers
      2. Scandanavia
         1. Finland (Nokia)
      3. Italy
      4. UK
         1. Seen as 'extending' learning (e.g. home access)
         2. Leads the world in mobile applications
         3. Was world leader 5 years ago
            1. Not now
            2. Inertia
            3. Tech-heavy
      5. USA
         1. Lagging behind
            1. Very corporate
         2. Demand for mobile learning has grown by 18.3% over last 5 years
            1. http://www.ambientinsight.com/News/Ambient-Insight-Mobile-Learning-Report-Released.aspx
         3. Overtook Japan as largest mobile learning market in 2009
            1. http://www.ambientinsight.com/News/Ambient-Insight-Mobile-Learning-Report-Released.aspx
      6. Africa
         1. Attempting to 'leapfrog' the west
         2. Many don't have access to books, but do have mobile phones
            1. http://www.infodev.org/en/Article.551.html
         3. Easy payments
            1. http://www.readwriteweb.com/archives/africans_and_their_mobiles_part_1.php
         4. Need apps FROM Africa, not FOR
      7. Japan
         1. mobile culture
            1. High-end devices due to small houses
         2. Asia ahead in hardware but not software
   3. Organizations & projects
      1. International Association for Mobile Learning (iamlearn.org)
      2. European Mobilearn & mLearning projects were about learning outside the classroom
         1. Basic education
         2. Workplace learning
      3. Norbert Pachler has database of projects
      4. MOTILL project
         1. Still in dissemination phase
            1. Italy, UK, Hungary & Ireland involved
   4. FE/HE issues
      1. FE seems to experiment more than HE
      2. Sheffield College moving to support all student mobile devices
         1. Bradford College doing something similar
      3. Diana Laurillard attempted unified strategy across all education sectors whilst at DfES
   5. Publications
      1. Horizon Report 2010
      2. Mobile and blended learning journal