1. Resources
   1. Smith, Elizabeth. (2012). Using de-escalation techniques effectively. Optimus Education. Accessed on October 14th, 2014, from http://www.optimus-education.com/using-de-escalation-techniques-effectively
   2. Intervention Central. (N.A.). Teacher Behavioral Strategies: A Menu. Accessed on October 15, 2014 from http://www.interventioncentral.org/behavioral-interventions/challenging-students/teacher-behavioral-strategies-menu
   3. Intervention Central. (N.A.). Working With Defiant Kids: Communication Tools for Teachers. Accessed on October 15, 2014 from http://www.interventioncentral.org/behavioral-interventions/challenging-students/teacher-behavioral-strategies-menu
   4. Hill M. Walker, Elizabeth Ramsey, and Frank M. Gresham. (2014). How Early Intervention Can Reduce Defiant Behavior—and Win Back Teaching Time. American Federation of Teachers. Accessed on October 16, 2014 from http://www.aft.org/periodical/american-educator/winter-2003-2004/heading-disruptive-behavior
   5. University Counseling & Testing Center. (2010) Disruptive and Threatening Students. University of Oregon. Accessed on October 16, 2014 from https://counseling.uoregon.edu/TopicsResources/FacultyStaff/DisruptiveThreateningStudents/MeetingWithaDisruptiveStudent.aspx
   6. Shalaway, Linda. (2005). Five Persistent Behavior Problems and How to Handle Them. Accessed on October 16, 2014 from http://www.scholastic.com/teachers/article/five-persistent-behavior-problems-and-how-handle-them-grades-6%C2%968
2. Step 1: Prevent
   1. Time Managment
   2. Supervision
   3. Classroom set-up
   4. Choices
   5. Set expectations
   6. Social skills training
   7. School wide behavior code
3. Step 2: De-Escalate
   1. When de-escalating a situation, remember to remain calm, reduce the level of agitation & do not take the behavior personally.
      1. Immediate need for intervention?
         1. No
            1. Ignore the behavior if addressing it in the moment would create a larger distraction for the class or escalate the situation.
            2. Speak with the student individually, after class.
         2. Yes
            1. Be mindful of how you address the student
            2. Non-Verbal
            3. -Remain outwardly calm -Neutral facial expressions -Give personal space -Control breathing -Establish eye contact
            4. Verbal
            5. -Lower voice -Use the student's name -Speak privately if possible -Use simple, clear language -Avoid arguing back
            6. De-Escalation Techniques
            7. Make verbal request to change behavior
            8. Focus on positive
            9. Make requests on what TO do rather than NOT to do
            10. Use Please and Thank You
            11. Use non-confrontational language
            12. “I wonder if…” “Let’s try…” “It seems like…”
            13. Redirection
            14. Distraction or diversion
            15. Present choices
            16. "You can do this now or stay in at recess to complete it"
            17. Give the students an "out" to save face
            18. Allow student to express
            19. Give student time to respond
            20. Listen & summarize concerns
            21. Acknowledge Feelings
            22. Paraphrase
            23. "Let me be sure that I understand you correctly…" "So from your point of view, the situation looks like this…" "Does what I just said sound like your point of view?"
            24. Impose negative consequence
            25. Time out
            26. Remove privilege
            27. Remove student
            28. Give detention
            29. Send to administration
   2. What to Avoid
      1. -Empty threats -Backing student into corner -Being defensive / taking personally -Humor (unless close relationship) -Sarcasm -Humiliation -mismatch between your words and nonverbal signals
4. Step 3: After Occurrence
   1. Apologies
   2. Behavior contract
   3. Modeling
   4. Reflective essay
   5. Rules review
   6. Adult Praise