1. Orthopedics
   1. Clincal Examination
      1. History
         1. Pain
            1. When, where, character, iradiation, aleviation, worsening, position
         2. Dysfunction
            1. What can you no longer do?
         3. Deformity
      2. Exam according to Alan Graham Apley
         1. Look
            1. Skin
            2. bruises, wounds = recent inury
            3. Rubor, tumor, calor, dolor = inflammation
            4. loss of sweating = nerve damage
            5. scars = archeology of superficial injury
            6. Soft Tissue
            7. tumor, calor rubor, dolor = inflammation
            8. wasting = disuse and nerve damage
            9. Bone
            10. Deformity - unusual angles or joings held in unusual positions
         2. Feel
            1. Skin
            2. Temperature
            3. Cold = vascular damage
            4. Warm = inflammation
            5. Sensation
            6. pain and temperature
            7. vibration and tactile
            8. Soft Tissue
            9. Tenderness
            10. subcutaneous fat
            11. bursae
            12. muscle
            13. tendon
            14. nerve
            15. artery
            16. ligaments
            17. Lumps and effusions
            18. "SWELLING"
            19. Start
            20. trauma
            21. acute
            22. chronic
            23. Where
            24. anatomical site
            25. tissue site-skin, fat, muscle?
            26. does it move in relation to these?
            27. External features
            28. Size
            29. Surface
            30. Margins
            31. Lymph nodes
            32. local adenopathy?
            33. Liquid
            34. transillumination
            35. Internal features
            36. is it tender?
            37. is it soft or hard?
            38. Auscultate
            39. Thrill
            40. Bruit
            41. Crepitus?
            42. General
            43. Other lumps and general health?
            44. Distal circulation
            45. Peripheral pulses
            46. feel for pulse elsewhere at the same time
            47. Cappillary filling
            48. Bone
            49. bone outlines and joint margins should both be felt
            50. tenderness
            51. steps
            52. lumps
            53. Decide what structures are tender, swollen, wasted, displaced, is there sensation, circulation
         3. Move
            1. Active
            2. Patient moves joints on his own withing his/her limits of pain
            3. Passive
            4. Watch the patient's face for grimace
            5. Stability
            6. Dynamic
            7. Provided by muscle power
            8. this is done against resistance - try to figure out the muscle group, nerve supply, nerve roots
            9. Static
            10. Provided by ligaments and intact joint surfaces
            11. Joint should be gently stretched in each direction of ligament control while watching for grimace
   2. Fractures and Dislocations.doc
      1. Upper limb
         1. Examination and Pathology
            1. Shoulder Examination
            2. Look
            3. Skin
            4. Soft tissue
            5. Bone
            6. Feel
            7. Epaulette sign
            8. If localized to the shoulder
            9. Acromioclavicular joint
            10. Rotator cuff
            11. Subacromial bursa
            12. glenohumeral joint
            13. Skin
            14. Soft tissue
            15. Bone
            16. Move
            17. Active
            18. Passive
            19. Stability
            20. Thumb down test
            21. Aprehension sign
            22. Sulcus test
            23. Anatomy
            24. Pathology
            25. Congenital abnormalities
            26. Sprengel deformity
            27. Acquired conditions
            28. Shoulder Pain
            29. Stiff Shoulder
            30. Calcific tendonitis
            31. Fractures of Shoulder in Adult
            32. Clavicle fractures
            33. Acromioclavicular injuries
            34. Scapular fractures
            35. Dislocations of glenohumeral joint
            36. Arthritis
            37. Rupture of biceps
            38. Instability of glenohumeral joint
            39. Elbow examination
            40. Look
            41. Skin
            42. Soft tissue
            43. Bone
            44. Feel
            45. Skin
            46. Soft tissue
            47. Bone
            48. Move
            49. Active
            50. Passive
            51. Stability
            52. Anatomy
            53. Pathology
            54. Tennis elbow
            55. Golf elbow
            56. Arthritis
            57. Loose bodies
            58. Osteochondritis dissecans
            59. Ulner nerve compression
            60. Infections of upper limb
            61. Osteomyelitis
            62. Septic arthritis
            63. Tuberculosis
            64. Tumors of the upper limb
            65. Fractures and Dislocation of Elbow, Humerus, Forearm
            66. Olecranon fractures
            67. Monteggia fracture
            68. Medial humeral condyle fracture
            69. Proximal humeral fractures
            70. Distal humeral fractures
            71. Coronoid fracture
            72. Humeral shaft fractures
            73. Elbow dislocations
            74. Forearm fractures
            75. Olecranon fractures
            76. Radial head fractures
            77. Avulsions of greater tuberosity
            78. Lateral humeral condyle fracture
            79. Inflammation of Elbow, Humerus, Forearm
            80. Lateral epicondylitis
            81. Floating elbow
            82. Medial epicondylitis
            83. Olecranon bursitis
            84. Cubital tunnel Syndrome
            85. Fractures and dislocations of upper limb in Children
            86. Ossification
            87. General principles
            88. Specific injuries
            89. Sternoclavicular joint
            90. Clavicle fractures
            91. Acromioclavicular joint
            92. Scapular fractures
            93. Dislocation of glenohumeral joint
            94. Proximal humerus
            95. Metaphyseal fractures
            96. Humeral shaft fractures
            97. Supracondylar fractures of humerus
            98. Condylar and epicondylar fractures
            99. Lateral condyle
            100. Medial condyle
            101. lateral epicondyle
            102. T-intercondylar
            103. Elbow dislocation
            104. Proximal radius fractures
            105. Olecranon fractures
            106. Forearm fractures
            107. Monteggia fracture
            108. Galeazzi fracture
      2. Wrist and Hand
         1. Wrist and Hand examination
            1. Wrist
            2. Look
            3. Skin
            4. Soft tissue
            5. Bone
            6. Feel
            7. Skin
            8. Soft tissue
            9. Bone
            10. Move
            11. Active
            12. Passive
            13. Stability
            14. Anatomy
            15. Pathology
            16. Hand
            17. Look
            18. Skin
            19. Soft tissue
            20. Bone
            21. Feel
            22. Skin
            23. Soft tissue
            24. Bone
            25. Move
            26. Active
            27. Passive
            28. Stability
            29. Anatomy
            30. Pathology
      3. Pelvis and acetabular injury
         1. Hip examination
            1. Look
            2. Skin
            3. Soft tissue
            4. Bone
            5. Feel
            6. Skin
            7. Soft tissue
            8. Bone
            9. Move
            10. Active
            11. Passive
            12. Stability
      4. Lower limb
         1. Lower limb and gait examination
            1. Ask Pt to walk and observe gait for any limping
            2. "LIMPS"
            3. Long
            4. if one limb is shorter than the other, the patient bobs up and down but cadance (rhythm) is normal
            5. Incoordinated
            6. Alexander McNeil described walking as "controlled falling"
            7. "uncontrolled falling"
            8. Muscle Weakness
            9. Hip (Trendelenburg gaint)
            10. Knee
            11. Ankle
            12. Painful limp ( antalgic gait)
            13. Stiff limp
            14. Hip
            15. Knee
            16. Ankle
         2. Knee examination
            1. Look
            2. Skin
            3. Soft tissue
            4. Bone
            5. Feel
            6. Skin
            7. Soft tissue
            8. Effusion?
            9. Stroke test
            10. Bakery's cyst
            11. Bone
            12. Move
            13. Active
            14. Flexion
            15. Extension
            16. Passive
            17. Flexion
            18. Extension
            19. Lag test
            20. Stability
            21. Collateral ligaments
            22. Cruciate ligaments
            23. Pivot shift test
            24. Patella apprehension test
         3. Proximal femural fractures
         4. Intrascapular fractures
         5. Extrascapular fractures
         6. Subtrochanteric fractures
         7. Hip dislocations
         8. Femoral head fractures
         9. Femoral Shaft fractures
         10. Pathological fractures
         11. Fractures around prostheses of hip or knee
         12. Fractures around the knee
             1. Supracondylar fractures
             2. Intra-articular T or Y fractures
             3. Tibial plateau fractures
             4. Proximal metaphyseal fractures
             5. Dislocation of the knee
         13. Arthritis of hip and knee
         14. Tibial fractures
         15. Compartment syndrome
         16. Open fractures
         17. Ankle injuries
         18. Amputation
      5. Foot
         1. Foot and ankle examination
            1. Look
            2. Skin
            3. Soft tissue
            4. Bone
            5. Claw toes
            6. Hammer toes
            7. Feel
            8. Skin
            9. Inflammation
            10. Sensation
            11. Soft tissue
            12. Pulses
            13. Tenderness
            14. Bone
            15. Tenderness
            16. Move
            17. Active
            18. Windlass test
            19. Other movements
            20. Passive
            21. Apley test
            22. Stability
            23. Simmond's test
            24. Rezistance
            25. Anatomy of the foot
            26. Anatomy of the foot
         2. Foot and ankle pathology
         3. Foot and ankle anatomy
      6. Spine
         1. Spine examination
            1. Lumbar
            2. Look
            3. Skin
            4. Soft tissue
            5. Bone
            6. Feel
            7. Skin
            8. Soft tissue
            9. Bone
            10. Move
            11. Active
            12. Passive
            13. Stability
            14. Thoracic
            15. Look
            16. Skin
            17. Soft tissue
            18. Bone
            19. Feel
            20. Skin
            21. Soft tissue
            22. Bone
            23. Move
            24. Active
            25. Passive
            26. Stability
            27. Cervical
            28. Look
            29. Skin
            30. Soft tissue
            31. Bone
            32. Feel
            33. Skin
            34. Soft tissue
            35. Bone
            36. Move
            37. Active
            38. Passive
            39. Stability
      7. Sports medicine
   3. Diseases of Bones and Joints
      1. Congenital
         1. Chondrodysplasias
            1. Achondroplasia
            2. Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia
            3. Pseudoachondroplasia
            4. Diastrophic dysplasia
         2. Ehlers Danlos syndrome
         3. Marfan's syndrome
         4. Bone
            1. Osteogenesis imperfecta
            2. Osteopetrosis
            3. Hypophosphatasia
      2. Acquired
         1. Inflammatory arthritis
         2. Osteoarthritis
         3. Crystal arthropathies
         4. Infection
         5. Bone Tumors
         6. Metabolic bone disease
            1. Osteoporosis
            2. Paget's
            3. Ca metabolism
            4. Renal bone disease
            5. Hyperparathyroidism
   4. Pediatric orthopedics
   5. Trauma
   6. Mechanics of bones and muscles