1. Norma verticalis
   1. Bones
      1. Ant- upper part of frontal bone posteriorly- uppermost part of occipital bone on each side- parietal bone
   2. Fontanelles
      1. Sites of growth of skull, permitting growth of brain & help to determine age
      2. If fontanelles fuse early, brain growth is stunted, such children are less intelligent
      3. Clinical: if ant fontanelle is bulging, there is raised intracranial pressure. If ant fontanelle is depressed , it shows decreased intracranial pressure, mostly due to dehydration
      4. Caput succedaneum - soft tissue swelling on any part of skull due to rupture of capillaries during delivery. Becomes normal within a few days
   3. Sutures
      1. Coronal suture
         1. Present between frontal bone & two parietal bones
      2. Sagittal suture
         1. Present between two parietal bones
      3. Lambdoid suture
         1. Occipital & two parietal bones
      4. Metopic suture
         1. Separates two halves of frontal bone & rarely seen
   4. Important points on sutures
      1. Vertex
         1. Highest point on sagittal suture
      2. Bregma
         1. Meeting point between coronal & sagittal sutures
      3. Lambda
         1. Meeting point between sagittal & lambdoid sutures
      4. Obelion
         1. Point on sagittal suture between two parietal foramen
2. Norma Occipitalis
   1. Bones
      1. 1. Posterior parts of parietal bones- above 2. Upper part of squamous part of occipital bone - below 3. Mastoid part of the temporal bone- on each side
   2. Sutures
      1. Lambdoid suture
      2. Occipitomastoid
         1. Occipital bone & mastoid part of temporal bone
      3. Parietomastoid
         1. Lies between parietal bone & mastoid part of temporal bone
      4. Posterior part of sagittal sutures
   3. Other features
      1. Lambda, parietal foramina & obelion
      2. External occipital protuberance
         1. Median prominance in lower part, marks the junction of head & neck. Most prominent point on protuberance is INION
      3. Superior nuchal lines
      4. Occipital point
         1. Median point, a little above inion
      5. Mastoid foramen
      6. Interparietal bone
3. Norma Lateralis
   1. Bones
      1. 1. Frontal 2. Parietal 3. Occipital 4. Temporal
   2. Other features
      1. Temporal lines
      2. Zygomatic Arch or zygoma: formed by temporal process of zygomatic bone in ant 1/3 & the zygomatic process of temporal bone in posterior 2/3 rd
      3. External acoustic meatus: opens just below the posterior part of posterior root of zygoma
         1. Suprameatal triangle( triangle of Mc Ewen) is small depression posterosuperior to the meatus, triangle forms lateral wall of tympanic or mastoid antrum
      4. Mastoid part of the Temporal Bone mastoid process & mastoid foramen
      5. Styloid Process: provides space for muscles to attach
4. Norma Frontalis
   1. Bones
      1. 1. Frontal bone 2. Maxilla 3. Nasal bones 4. Zygomatic bones from bridge of nose 5. Mandible
   2. Frontal region
      1. Superciliary arch : situated above medial part of each orbit
      2. Glabella: median elevation connecting the two superciliary arches
      3. Nasion : pt at which internasal suture meets with frontonasal suture
      4. Frontal tuber or eminence : low rounded elevation above superciliary arch
   3. Orbital openings
      1. Each opening is quadrangular in shape & bounded by following margins 1. Supraorbital margin : formed by frontal bone. At the junction of its lateral two-thirds & its medial one-third, it presents the supraorbital notch or foramen
      2. 2. Infraorbital margin : formed by zygomatic bone laterally, & maxilla medially
      3. 3. Medial orbital margin: formed by frontal bone above, & by the lacrimal crest of frontal process of maxilla
      4. 4. Lateral orbital margin formed mostly by frontal process of zygomatic bone & zygomatic process of frontal bone
   4. Sutures
      1. 1. Internasal 2. Frontonasal 3. Nasomaxillary 4. Lacrimomaxillary 5. Frontomaxillary 6. Intermaxillary 7. Zygomaticomaxillary 8. Zygomaticofrontal
   5. Clinical
      1. The Nasal bone is most commonly fractured bone of the face