1. Types of Flap surgery
   1. 1. Modified Widman Flap
      1. Morris—> Unrepositioned mucoperiosteal flap
      2. Called MWF by Ramjford & Nissle
      3. Internal bevel incision is given 0.5-1 mm away from crest of marginal gingiva
      4. Pocket lining Removal surgery
      5. Pocket reduction surgery
   2. 2. Undisplaced flap
      1. Most frequent type of periodontal surgery
      2. a.k.a Internal bevel gingivectomy
      3. Complete pocket wall is removed, so its a pocket removal surgery
   3. 3. Apically displaced flap
      1. It is a type of pocket eliminating surgery
      2. Width of attached gingiva increases
      3. Interdental bevel incision is given & 1-2 mm is removed from crest of marginal gingiva
   4. Flaps for Reconstructive Surgery
      1. Papilla Preservation flap
         1. Used in maxillary ant. Teeth with high aesthetics
         2. Gap between teeth to give this flap
         3. Advantage: Interdental papilla is not incised
      2. Modified kirkland flap/ Conventional flap
         1. Done in teeth with no gap
         2. Sulcular Incision is given
         3. Interdental papilla is splitted
2. Healing after Flap Surgery
   1. 1 week after surgery : Epithelial attachment to root is established by Hemidesmosomes
   2. 2 weeks after surgery: Collagen fibre begins to appear parallel to tooth surface
   3. 1 month after surgery: Fully epithelised gingival sulcus
3. Distal Molar Surgery
   1. As a sequel of disimpaction procedure , deep pockets form on distal aspect to molars
   2. In this case distal molar surgery is performed , giving triangular incision
   3. Steps
      1. 1. Two Vertical Converging Buccal & Lingual Incisions are made through the Tuberosity or Retro Molar Pad Forming a Triangular wedge
      2. 2. Facial & Lingual Incisions can be Extended in a mesial direction along the buccal & lingual surfaces of the Distal Molar to Facilitate Flap elevation
      3. 3. Inner Surfaces of Both the Flaps are Trimmed ( Undermined). Loose Tags of Tissue are Removed, and the root surfaces are Debrided, bone can be Recontoured
      4. 4. Approximation by suturing
4. Main role of flap surgery is accessibility
5. Incision
   1. Horizontal
      1. Internal bevel incision
         1. a.k.a Reverse Bevel Incision( opposite of gingivectomy incision)
         2. No #11 & #15 Blade is used
      2. Sulcular/ Crevicular incision
         1. Is given from gingival sulcus to seperate the Band of gingiva from rest of Healthy gingiva
         2. Given by #12D blade
      3. Interdental Incision
         1. Orban’s Knife No. 15 Blade
   2. Vertical a.k.a Releasing
6. Classification
   1. On the basis of thickness
      1. A. Full Thickness flap: Total mucoperiosteal flap is reflected
         1. Whenever a full thickness flap is reflected , 1 mm bone loss occurs
      2. B. Partial Thickness flap: Some part of periosteum & Connective tissue remains attached to tooth
   2. On the basis of position
      1. A. Displaced
         1. Coronally displaced flap
         2. Apically displaced flap
      2. B. Undisplaced
         1. Sutured back to original position