1. Curette
   1. Features
      1. Fine curved blade ( Semicircular)
      2. Better Adaptation
   2. Classification
      1. Gracey curette : lateral surface has an angle of 70-80
         1. One cutting edge
         2. Curved in 2 planes
         3. Cleans subgingival calculus & is area specific
         4. 7 total paired & 14 Unpaired
         5. #1-2 , 3-4 —> Anterior teeth
         6. # 5-6 —> Anterior & Premolars
         7. #7-8 , 9-10 —> Posterior teeth facial & Lingual surface
         8. #11-12 —> Posterior teeth mesial surface
         9. #13-14 —> Posterior teeth distal
         10. # 15-16 —> shank of 11-12 is elongated by 3 mm & Blade 1 mm shorter
         11. 17-18 —> More angulated shank of 13-14
      2. Universal curette
         1. Both cutting edge
         2. Curved in 1 plane
         3. Types
            1. 1. Barnkart curette : #1-2 #5-6
            2. 2. Columbia curette: #13-14 , 2R-2L, 4R-4L
            3. 3. Younger good curette: #7-8
            4. 4. Mc calls: #17-18
            5. 5. Indena University: #17-18
      3. Extended shank curette or After 5 curette —> 3mm longer shank
      4. Mini 5 curette : Half of After 5 curette
      5. Langer curette : Blade angle like universal curette = 90 Offset angle of gracey curette= 60-70
         1. 3 curettes
         2. # 5-6 —> mesial & distal surface of ant. teeth
         3. # 1-2 —> mesial & distal surface of mandibular post. Teeth
         4. # 3-4 —> Mesial & distal surface of maxillary post. Teeth
      6. Quentein furcation curettee
         1. Actually a type of Hoe
         2. Shallow, half moon radius that fits in furcation area
         3. BL 1 & MD 1 —> small & fine —> 0.9 mm Blade width
         4. BL 2 & MD 2 —> Large & wide —> 1.3 mm wide
2. Hir Schfeld file—> Small file used to remove subgingival calculus at the base of pocket
3. Important Principles
   1. Modified Pen grasp is the ideal grasp for scaling
      1. Most effective & stable grasp for all periodontal Instruments : Due to tripod effect
      2. Created by Thumb, index finger & the pad of middle finger
      3. Ensures greatest control over instrument & also enhances maneuverability & tactile sensivity
      4. 4 th finger is most preferred for finger rest
      5. Maximum control is achieved when middle finger is kept between shank & 4 th finger: One unit fulcrum
      6. maxillarly post teeth : Extraoral fulcrum required
   2. Angulations while scaling
      1. 45 - 90 for removing small amount of calculus
      2. 90 for Heavy calculus
   3. Strokes
      1. Vertical & Oblique strokes are mostly used in scaling
      2. Horizontal strokes are preferred in deep pockets
4. Instrument Sharpening
   1. When the instrument is sharp, it has an acute angle
      1. When Held under light, it has no surface to reflect the light back, No bright line is seen
   2. Instrument sharpening
      1. For gracey curette , angle between blade & stone should be 100-110
      2. For chiesel angle between blade & stone should be 45
   3. Note : While sharpening Palm & Thumb grasp is used
5. Scalers
   1. Sickle scaler
      1. Used for removing supra gingival calculus
      2. Bulky & Sharp Instrument
      3. Triangular tip
   2. Hoe Scalers
      1. Used for Scaling Ledges & Rings of calculus subgingivally
      2. Blade —> bent at an angle of 99
      3. Cutting edge of blade is bevelled at 45
      4. 2 point contact
      5. 6 Hoe Scalers
         1. Mc calls #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #8
   3. Chisel Scalers
      1. For proximal surface of teeth that are too closely placed
      2. Used in ant. Part of mouth
      3. Push stroke used
      4. Note: For Back action chiesel & Hoe —> pull stroke is used
6. Types of finger rest
   1. 1. Conventional finger rest
      1. Finger rest is established on adjacent tooth surface
   2. 2. Cross - arch
      1. Finger rest establised on tooth of the other side of the same arch
   3. 3. Opposite- arch
      1. Finger rest is established on tooth surfaces on opposite arch
   4. 4. Finger-on-finger
      1. 4 th finger of operating hand rests on the index finger of the nonoperating hand: lingual surface of maxillary posterior teeth
   5. 5. Palm up extra oral fulcrum
      1. Back of fingers rest on right lat aspect of mandible, while maxillary right post teeth are instrumented
   6. 6. Palm- down extra-oral fulcrum
      1. Front surfaces of fingers rest on left lateral aspect of mandible, for maxillary left posterior teeth
7. Probes
   1. Marquis color coded probe
      1. Markings at 3 6 9 12
   2. Nabers probe
      1. Markings at 3 6 9 12
   3. Michigan ‘O’ probe
      1. Markings at 3 6 8
   4. UNC 15 probe
      1. Markings at 4-5 9-10 14-15
   5. William probe
      1. Markings from 1-10 but 4 & 6 are absent
   6. CPITN probe/ WHO probe
      1. CPITN-E Probe (Epidemological) Markings at 3.5 & 5.5
      2. CPITN-C Probe ( Clinical) Markings at 3.5 5.5 8.5 11.5 Ball tip 0.5mm