1. Why Study Personal Goals?
   1. Provide Directions of Life
      1. explain the “whys” of action
   2. Affect Well-being.
      1. goals go wrong, our well-being are lowered.
      2. goal conflicts
   3. Make Our Resources Work Better
      1. personal resources do not work
         1. they are not congruence with personal goals
            1. Diener and Fujita (1995)
            2. Incongruence of personal resources and goals
            3. 3 standard deviations below
            4. Congruence of personal resources and goals
            5. 1 standard deviation above
   4. Marcia’s Identity Status Theory (Marcia, 1993)
      1. identity statuses are defined by absence or presence of
         1. Exploration
            1. actively trying out different roles
         2. Commitments
            1. personal involvement and investment (time and effort)
         3. typified four status of identity achievement
            1. Identity Diffusion
            2. Feels not hving choices
            3. low exploration
            4. “I don’t know
            5. low commitment
            6. I don’t care
            7. one’s motivation is hedonic (seeking pleasure and avoiding pain
            8. Identity Foreclosure
            9. committed in various life areas
            10. With no explorations
            11. low exploration
            12. high commitment
            13. “I have made a choice without thinking
            14. identity prematurely 过早地认同
            15. Identity Moratorium
            16. high exploration
            17. low commitment
            18. I’m thinking about what I should do
            19. identity crisis
            20. Identity Achievement
            21. high exploration
            22. commitment
            23. “I though about it and now I know what I should do in my life
2. Needs And Goals
   1. personal goals are stemmed from fulfillment of needs
      1. Maslow’s need hierarchy
         1. Each need can be thought of as motivating a particular class of behaviors, the goal of which is need fulfillment.
            1. Self-Actualization
            2. Fulfillment of individual potential
            3. Living up to one’s potential and therefore is truly happy
            4. Esteem
            5. respect,
            6. approval
            7. Love and Belongingness
            8. Emotional intimacy
            9. social connections
            10. Safety
            11. Physiological
   2. Self-determination theory
      1. needs that universally must be satisfied
         1. Needs for Competence
            1. feel effective in meeting life’s challenges
            2. experience opportunities to exercise
            3. express one’s capacities
            4. Leads people to seek challenges
            5. not an attained skill or capability
         2. Needs for Relatedness
            1. feel intimacy and connection to other
            2. Concerns the psychological sense of being with others
            3. Not concerned with the attainment of a certain outcome
         3. Needs for Autonomy
            1. need for being the perceived origin or source of one's own behavior
            2. Feeling like you are the cause of your own actions
            3. Rather external forces or pressures are the cause of your actions
3. What Goals Are Important?
   1. Types of goals
      1. Extrinsic goals
         1. obtaining some reward and the positive evaluations of others
            1. attractiveness
            2. financial success
            3. less likely to be inherently satisfying
            4. reflect a sense of insecurity
            5. lead one to be more stressed
      2. Intrinsic Goals
         1. congruent with one’s psychological needs
            1. physical fitness
            2. personal growth
            3. that goal are enjoyable and interesting.
            4. inherently satisfying (or rewarding) to pursue
   2. Motives behind goals
      1. Self-concordance Theory
         1. people will happier and higher accomplishment when goals match their interest and values
            1. feeling of ownership regarding their self-initiated goals
         2. External motive
            1. goal that is due to others’ wishes
            2. task to earn money
            3. completing an assignment to fulfill course requirement
            4. least self-concordant
         3. Introjected motive
            1. a goal to avoid feelings of negative
            2. guilt
            3. insecurity
            4. completing an assignment to avoid feeling guilt
            5. somewhat controlled and not self-concordant
         4. Identified motive
            1. pursuing a goal out of a belief
            2. intrinsically important goal
            3. match one’s personal value
            4. completing an assignment because this is what you believe a student should do
            5. somewhat autonomous and self-concordant
         5. Intrinsic motive
            1. pursuing a goal because of the fun and enjoyment
            2. brings stimulating experience
            3. competing an assignment because the assignment is intellectually challenging
            4. most autonomous and self-concordant
         6. Happy and Success in College
            1. list their 8 most important goal
            2. rate their progress in pursuing the goals twice each semester
            3. self-concordant goals did better
            4. identified and intrinsic reasons for college attendance
            5. more likely to earn higher grades
            6. more likely to attain their personal goals
            7. better social, emotional, and academic adjustment
      2. Why process material goal dont enhance well being
         1. Sheldon and Elliot (1998)
            1. asked 7000 college students in 41 different countries about the importance of money and love, and their life satisfaction.
            2. More goal to money less satisfied
            3. More goal to love more satisfied
            4. Why?
            5. Matching Hypothesis
            6. Pursuing goals that express one’s needs and values is more likely to increase well-being.
            7. Brunstein et al. (1998)
            8. progress towards motive-congruence goals
            9. progress towards motive-incongruence goals
4. Setting An Effective Goal: SMART Goal
   1. ⊡ S - specific
      1. □ Where?
      2. □ How?
      3. □ When?
      4. □ With whom?
   2. ⊡ M - measurable
      1. ■ easier to evaluate
      2. ■ How much?
      3. ■ How many?
   3. ⊡ A - achievable
      1. Do you have the resources to achieve this goal?
         1. If not, how will you get them?
      2. Is it realistic?
   4. ⊡ R - relevant
      1. Why is this goal significant to your life?
      2. How would goal achievement influence your life?
   5. ⊡ T - time-bound
      1. When will this goal be achieved?
      2. □ Deadlines are what makes most people switch to action
   6. How many kg I want to lose? How many % of revenue at the end of project?