1. Signal Compensation
   1. Pre-emphasis
      1. At transmitter
      2. Disadvantage
         1. Increase cross-talk
         2. Use more power
      3. Boost the power of high frequencies (Pre-emphasis)
      4. Reducing the power of the lower frequencies (De-emphasis)
   2. Equalization
      1. At receiver
      2. High-pass filter at the receiver
      3. Amplify the result to recover the original signal
      4. Disadvantage
         1. Amplify the noise
2. Compliance Points
   1. Test Loads
      1. Zero-length test load
         1. For transmitter and receiver
         2. A connector with very short trace lengths
      2. Transmitter Compliance Transfer Function (TCTF) test load
         1. For transmitter
         2. Two types of loss
            1. Insertion loss
            2. The loss experienced by the signal as it propagates through the transmission line
            3. Return loss
            4. The loss caused by the energy reflected back to the transmitter that should be minimized by accurate termination
      3. Low-loss TCTF test load
         1. For transmitter
         2. when
            1. SATA device is supported
            2. SAS device does not support the signal levels through a full TCTF test load
   2. For receiver
      1. On the near side of the connector nearest the receiver
   3. For transmitter
      1. On the far side of the connector nearest the transmitter
3. Cable and Connector
   1. Interconnect Environments
      1. Drive backplane
         1. Designed with characteristics that support hot-plug operations
            1. Staggered pins
            2. Guided connecting mechanisms
      2. Drive cable
         1. Hand-attached
      3. Internal cable
         1. Backward compatible with existing SATA cables
            1. Not intended for hot plug use
         2. SAS 4i
            1. Symmertric
            2. fanout
         3. Mini SAS 4i
      4. External cable
         1. SAS 4x
         2. Mini SAS 4x
            1. Indicator
            2. Diamond
            3. To an enclosure "out"
            4. To table-routed port
            5. Circle
            6. To an enclosure "in"
            7. To subtractive-route port
      5. Other Consideerations
         1. Non-tracking clock
         2. READY LED characteristics