1. . What is Positive Emotion?
   1. Emotions
      1. a specific conscious evaluative reaction
      2. intense but brief in duration
      3. Rises and dissipates quickly
   2. Affect
      1. anything emotional including emotion and moods
         1. Positive Affect
            1. cheerfulness
            2. joy
         2. Negative Affect
            1. anger
            2. fear
   3. How to measure it?
      1. Unidimensional view
         1. PA and NA are the opposite ends
      2. Bidimensional view
         1. PA and NA can be experience in the same time
   4. Frequency?
      1. not built so much on intense feelings of joy
         1. on milder positive emotions experiences most of the time.
2. Effects of Positive Emotions
   1. Talarico, Berntsen & Rubin (2009) Study
      1. Creates Better Memory for Details
         1. use a minutes to record life event
            1. PA group
            2. Positive affect groups recalled more details of the event
            3. NA Group
            4. Negative affect groups, especially the angry group, recalled less details of the event
   2. Bryan & Bryan (1991) Study
      1. Creates Better Mathematics Performance
         1. think of the happiest day of their lives
            1. Positive-emotion group
            2. do more problems
            3. computed more math problems accurately
            4. Control group
            5. Less compare to positive group
   3. Dunn & Schweitzer (2005) Study
      1. Creates Trust
   4. Should we always strive for it? If not what is the optimal ratio
      1. PA outnumber NA
         1. Fredrickson & Losada (2005)
            1. Flourishing people
            2. 3 times more experience of positive emotions than negative emotions
            3. Languishing people
            4. Being challenged
            5. Brown, Sokal, and Friedman (2013)
            6. Wrong use of differential equation
            7. Argues back: Insist that the data reflect the benefits of having more positive emotions as compared to negative emotions
3. The Broaden-and-build Theory
   1. Fredrickson (2004)
      1. broaden peoples’ momentary thought–
         1. In a live or die situation
            1. Negative one
            2. is an urge to act in a particular way
            3. make direct and immediate adaptive benefit
         2. The Broadening Hypothesis
      2. build their enduring personal resources.
         1. Positive one
            1. indirect and long-term adaptive benefits
            2. By transfrom themself becoming more creative and resilient
         2. Physical resources
            1. for the strength of body’s defense against disease
         3. Intellectual resources
            1. problem-solving skills and learn new information
         4. Psychological resources
            1. develop resilience
         5. Social resources
            1. solidify bonds and make new bonds
         6. The Building Hypothesis
      3. experiment
         1. watch emotionally charged film clips
            1. 20 answer abt what they want to do
            2. PE: listed more things to do after the experiment
4. 10 Representative Positive Emotions
   1. Joy
      1. receiving good news
      2. Broadening functions
         1. urge to play and get involved
      3. Building functions
         1. learning skill through playing
   2. Gratitude
      1. receiving a gift or a compliment
      2. Broadening functions
         1. creates creative urge to be prosocial
      3. Building functions
         1. caring as a skill and to maintain maintaining social bonds
   3. Pride
      1. when one accomplish an important goal
      2. Broadening functions
         1. creates the urge to dream for even bigger accomplishments
      3. Building functions
         1. Having a big goal enhance your achievement motivation.
   4. Interest
      1. encounter something that is mysterious
      2. Broadening functions
         1. creates the urge to explore, to learn
      3. Building functions
         1. The knowledge so gained becomes a durable resource
   5. Inspiration
      1. sees someone perform at an unparalleled level.
      2. Broadening functions
         1. creates the urge to excel oneself
      3. Building functions
         1. durable resources it builds is the motivation for personal growth
   6. Awe敬畏
      1. amazed by something or someones' beauti and powerful
      2. Broadening functions
         1. creates the urge to absorb and accommodate 吸收和容纳
      3. Building functions
         1. durable resource it builds is new worldviews. 它建立的持久资源是新的世界观。
   7. Amusement
      1. Broadening function
         1. creates urges to share a laugh and find creative ways to continue the joviality 激发分享欢笑的冲动，并找到创造性的方式来延续欢乐
         2. Building functions
            1. durable resources it builds is enduring social bonds
   8. Hope
      1. Broadening functions
         1. urge to use capabilities to change situation
      2. Building functions
         1. durable resources it builds include optimism and resilience
   9. Serenity 宁静
      1. needs are satisfied and we are in harmony
      2. Broadening functions
         1. urge to savor those current circumstances
         2. integrate them into new priorities or values
      3. Building functions
         1. New priorities and refined sense of oneself
   10. Love
       1. safe, interpersonal connection or relationship.
       2. Broadening functions
          1. urges to create all PA
       3. Building functions
          1. social bonds and community.
5. The Limits of Positive Emotions
   1. Can positive emotions really undo major negative experiences?
      1. Traumatic experience
      2. death
      3. war