1. FPD
   1. Indications
      1. Short span edentulous arches
      2. Presence of sound teeth that offer sufficient support
      3. Patient's preference
      4. Mentally compromised & physically handicapped patients who can't maintain RPD
   2. Contraindications
      1. Very young patients with large pulp chamber
      2. Very old patients
      3. Long span edentulous arches
      4. Periodontally compromised abutments
   3. Components
      1. Retainers
         1. obtain support from abutment
      2. Pontics
         1. replaces missing teeth
      3. Connectors
         1. connect pontic to retainer
2. ABUTMENT
   1. It's a natural tooth/ root which retains or supports the bridge
   2. Location, position, condition of tooth
      1. Unrestored, caries free abutments - ideal abutments
      2. Grossly decayed crown which can be restored with full veneer crown
      3. Pulp capped teeth should not be used as an abutment
      4. Teeth with long clinical crowns provide maximum retention & resistance
      5. Posterior teeth provide more retention than anterior teeth
   3. Root configuration
      1. Roots with greater labiolingual width than mesiodistal are preferred
      2. Long, irregular shaped & divergent roots offer great support
      3. Short, conical & blunted roots offer poor support
   4. Crown - root ratio
      1. Ideal - 1:2
      2. Optimum - 2:3
      3. Minimal - 1:1
   5. Root surface area / ANTE'S LAW
      1. It states that "total pericemental area of abutment teeth should be equal to or greater than combined pericemental area of teeth to be replaced "
      2. Ideal ratio is 2:1
      3. Tooth with greatest pericemental area is maxillary 1st molar (433mm2)followed by mandibular 1st molar (431mm2)
      4. Tooth with least pericemental area is mandibular central incisor (154mm2) Posterior tooth with least pericemental area is Mandibular first premolar (180mm2)
   6. Types of abutments
      1. 1) Healthy/ ideal abutments
      2. 2) Cantilever abutments
      3. 3) Tilted abutments
      4. 4) Pier abutments
         1. It's a single tooth bounded by edentulous spaces on either side
         2. Due to this it's subjected to unbalanced forces which leads to trauma to PDL
         3. To prevent this, stress breaker or Non-rigid connector is provided ▪︎Consists of Key(Male) in a Keyway(Female) ▪︎Keyway is placed on distal side of pier abutment & Key is attached to mesial side of pontic of distal edentulous space
         4. Due to this it's subjected to unbalanced forces which leads to trauma to PDL
      5. 5) Extensively damaged abutment
3. Finish lines
   1. Finish line
      1. Shoulder
      2. Shoulder with bevel
      3. Chamfer
      4. Knife edge
   2. Indications
      1. a) All ceramic crowns b) Metal ceramic crowns c) Injectable porcelain ▪︎It has a butt or 90° joint
      2. a) Labial finish line of metal ceramics b) Proximal boxes of inlays & onlays c) Occlusal shoulder of onlays
      3. a) Cast metal restorations b) Lingual finish line of metal ceramics
      4. a) Young patients b) Finish lines in cementum c) Lingual surface of mandibular posterior teeth d) For undercut surface of tipped teeth
4. Principles of tooth preparation
   1. 1) Biological
      1. ▪︎Prevention of damage to :- a) Adjacent teeth b) Soft tissue c) Pulp
      2. ▪︎Conservation of tooth structure
      3. ▪︎Margin integrity a) Placement b) Geometry c) Adaptation
   2. 2) Mechanical
      1. ▪︎Retention form a) Magnitude of dislodging forces b) Geometry of preparation c) POI d) Roughness of fitting surface of casting e) Materials being cemented f) Types of luting agent
      2. ▪︎Resistance form a) Magnitude of dislodging forces b) Geometry of preparation c) Types of luting agent
      3. ▪︎Structural durability a) Occlusal reduction b) Functional cusp bevel c) Axial reduction
         1. Functional cusp bevel given on :- ▪︎Lingual cusps of upper & buccal cusps of lower teeth ▪︎It provides adequate bulk in areas of heavy occlusal contact
   3. 3) Esthetics
      1. a) Partial veneer restorations b) Metal-ceramic restorations c) All-ceramic restorations
5. PONTIC
   1. It's a suspended member of FPD that replaces lost natural tooth, restores function & occupies space of missing tooth
      1. Undersurface of pontic should be Convex mesiodistally & Concave buccolingually
   2. Requirements
      1. Restore function
      2. Provides esthetics & comfort
      3. Biologically acceptable
      4. Permit effective oral hygiene
      5. Preserve underlying residual mucosa
   3. Classification
      1. Based on material
         1. 1) Metal ceramic pontic
         2. 2) All metal pontic
         3. 3) Resin veneered pontic
      2. Based on method of fabrication
         1. 1) Custom made
         2. 2) Prefabricated pontics
            1. ▪︎Trupontic - for maxillary posterior areas ▪︎Long pin facing ▪︎Flat back or interchangeable facing ▪︎Sanitary facing ▪︎Reverse pin facing ▪︎Pontips - in mandibular posterior area
      3. Based on mucosal contact
         1. With Mucosal Contact
            1. 1) Ridge lap /Saddle pontic
            2. ▪︎Aesthetically superior ▪︎Designed closely to the ridge, hence gingival surface is inaccessible making it difficult to clean ▪︎Leads to inflammation of tissues in contact
            3. 2) Modified Ridge lap
            4. ▪︎Designed to reduce tissue contact ▪︎Satisfies both esthetics & hygiene ▪︎Indicated in both maxillary anterior & posterior regions
            5. 3) Conical/ "Egg shaped" /"Bullet shaped"/ "Heart shaped" pontic
            6. ▪︎Designed with only 1 point contact at the ridge ▪︎Good access for oral hygiene ▪︎Indicated in : Knife edge posterior ridges or mandibular posteriors
            7. 4) Ovate pontic
            8. ▪︎Designed with convex tissue surface of pontic residing within the ridge ▪︎Easy to clean ▪︎Aesthetically appealing ▪︎Indicated in : Fresh extraction sockets, Anterior missing teeth, Flat broad ridges
         2. Without Mucosal Contact
            1. 1) Sanitary/Hygienic/Fish belly pontic
            2. ▪︎Designed with no contact with the ridge ▪︎Easy to clean ▪︎Minimal tissue inflammation ▪︎Poor esthetics ▪︎Indications : Nonappearance zone mainly Mandibular molars
            3. 2) Modified Sanitary/ Parel pontic / Arc shaped pontic
6. OTHER KEY POINTS
   1. Extra retention in abutment teeth is given by :
      1. Grooves, slots, pins & box form
      2. Width of groove must be atleast 1mm wide
   2. Taper
      1. Sum of inclination of 2 opposing walls gives taper of preparation
      2. Recommended taper is 3-12°
      3. Minimum taper necessary to ensure absence of undercuts is 12°
      4. Optimum degree of taper for maxillary anterior tooth is 10°