1. an agent that causes alterations in perception, cognition, and mood
2. Anticholinergic
   1. Scopolamine
      1. Acetylcholine receptor antagonist
      2. Side effects: Dry mouth, blurred vision, increased heart rate
      3. Used in motion sickness medicine
      4. Produced from plants like nightshade, mandrake, and stinkweed
3. Catecholaminelike
   1. Mixed dopamine and serotonin agonists
   2. Mescaline
      1. Obtained from a common cactus, Peyote
      2. Single dose persists for 10 hours
      3. Not metabolized before excretion
      4. Produces visual hallucinations
      5. Normal oral dose: 5mL per Kg of body weight
   3. Synthetic Amphetamine Derivatives
      1. DOM, MDA, MDE, TMA
         1. 1-6mL produces euphoria
         2. Hallucinations last 6-8 hrs
         3. catecholamine and serotonin interactions
      2. AMT, 5-MeO-DIPT
         1. High abuse potential, no therapeutic usefulness
         2. Produces hallucinations, mood elevation, insomnia
         3. Reuptake inhibitor of norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin
      3. MDMA (ecstasy)
         1. Induces a sense of disembodiment and visual distortion
         2. Potent and selective serotonin neurotoxin
         3. Repeated use associated with sleep, mood, and anxiety disturbances, elevated impulsiveness, memory deficits, and attention problems
         4. Recreational use can lead to hyperthermia, tachycardia and disorientation
   4. Myristicin and Elemicin
      1. Obtained from nutmeg
      2. Side effects: vomiting, nausea, tremors
      3. Induces feelings of unreality, confusion, impending doom, and euphoria
4. Serotoninlike Psychedelics
   1. Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD)
      1. kinetics- taken oral 25- 300 micrograms
         1. 1 hour to absorb, peak at 3 hours. 6-8 hour duration of action
         2. metabolised in the liver
      2. synthesised by Albert Hoffman in 1938 from fungus
      3. physiological effects- increased heart rate, blood pressure, body temp, pupil size
      4. Psychological- alterations in perception, thinking, arousal, time ideals, visual perceptions
      5. MOA- acts on 5HT2a receptor
   2. DMT
      1. MOA- partial agonist at 5HT2 receptor
      2. 30- 60 minute onset, peak at 1-2 hours, 3-4 hour duration
      3. side effects-distortion in perception, paranoia, anxiety
      4. LSD like effects in users
   3. Bufotenine
      1. serotonin agonist
         1. affinity for 5-HT2A
      2. obtained from the cutaneous glandular secretions of a toad
      3. MAO responsible for metabolism
   4. Psilocybin
      1. 5-HT2A and 5-HT1A agonist
      2. Obtained from certain mushrooms
      3. Oral dose: 0.25mg per Kg of body weight
      4. Produces changes in mood, cognitive disturbances, visual hallucinations, and impaired ego functioning
   5. Ololiuqui
      1. Obtained from morning glory seeds
      2. Side effects: Nausea, vomiting, headache, increased BP, sleepiness
      3. Produces distorted perception, hallucinations, confusion
   6. Harmine
      1. Ontained from seeds of Peganum harmala
      2. Produces visual distortions
      3. Side effects: nausea, vomiting, sedation
      4. May have some antidepressant properties
   7. BZP and TFMPP
      1. BZP: Norepinephrine and dopamine releasing agent
      2. TFMPP: Serotonergic agonist
      3. recreational hallucinogenics
      4. Side effects: agitation, anxiety, vomiting, insomnia
      5. Inhibit drug metabolizing enzymes in liver which may increase toxicity to other drugs
5. Glutaminergic NMDA Receptor Antagonist
   1. Salvia
      1. Active Salvinorin A
      2. Kappa Opiod agonist
      3. short acting legal hallucinogen
      4. used by mexican indians for centuries
      5. Plant form is member of the mint family
   2. Dextromethorphan
      1. MOA- NMDA blockade similar to Ketamine
      2. aids in pain relieving effects of opiods
      3. common ingredient in in 140 cough medicines
      4. Side effects include tachycardia, hypertension, agitation, and slurred speech
      5. causes hallucinations at high doses
      6. Subtopic 6
   3. Ketamine
      1. Introduced in 1960 as anesthetic
      2. Similar to Phencyclidine with fewer side effects and better tolerated in relation to heart
      3. Better maintains blood pressure and heart rate
      4. Smoked 15 minutes 40% reaches blood
      5. Taken orally two hours
      6. T 1/2 of 18 hours
      7. 5 mg street dose
   4. Phencyclidine
      1. Developed in 1956 as anesthetic
      2. Side effects include psychiatric reactions, agitation, excitement, delirium,
      3. MOA- noncompetitive antagonist at NMDA receptor.
      4. Block channel from opening and reduce the frequency at which it opens
      5. Psychological- removal from self and environment, unable to retain cognitive set.
      6. Low dose- mild agitation, euphoria, disinhibition, and excitement.
      7. High Dose- coma or stupor