RCP 81

QUO WARRANTO
1. “. . . We conclude based on the record before us that the petition does not satisfy the standards we have established for the exercise of our original jurisdiction over a petition for a writ of quo warranto. See Rice v. Connolly, 488 N.W.2d 241, 244 (Minn. 1992) (“While this court retains its original jurisdiction pursuant to Minn. Stat. § 480.04 (1990), we today signal our future intention to exercise that discretion in only the most exigent of circumstances.”). Accordingly, we dismiss the petition without prejudice. . . . IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the motion of Aging Services of Minnesota and Care Providers, Inc., for leave to file a brief as amici curiae be, and the same is, denied as moot.”
2. Quo WARRANTO Is NOT AN APPROPRIATE REMEDY IN THIS CASE. Quo warranto is an equitable remedy which is rarely invoked by the courts. Rice v. Connolly, 488 N.W.2d 241, 244 (Minn. 1992) (recognizing the Court has exercised its discretion to issue the writ of quo warranto "infrequently and with considerable caution"). The remedy does not apply to government conduct that is pending or has been completed. State ex rel. Danielson v. Village of Mound, 234 Minn. 531, 544, 48 N.W.2d 855, 864 (1951) ("Until an actual usurpation has occurred, the remedy of quo warranto This document is made available electronically by the Minnesota Legislative Reference Library as part of an ongoing digital archiving project. http://www.leg.state.mn.us/lrl/lrl.asp has no application"); State ex rel. Lommen v. Gravlin, 209 Minn. 136, 137, 295 N.W. 654, 655 (1941).
3. We are concerned with these issues: (1) Does a private citizen, with the consent of the attorney general, have the right to use the writ of quo warranto to test the legality of annexation proceedings? (2) Is a private corporation, as a signatory of a petition for annexation, a proper party respondent in quo warranto proceedings brought to challenge the validity of an annexation? (3) Does a writ of quo warranto lie prior to the time a village has acted upon a petition for annexation? (4) Where the territory to be annexed and the annexing village do not abut upon each other in any other manner than that they are located at opposite ends of an actually used and occupied railroad right of way — which is 100 feet wide and about five-eighths of a mile long and which is included as a part of the annexed territory — is such territory, pursuant to § 412.041, subd. 1, so conditioned as properly to be subjected to village government? 1-2-3. There has been considerable confusion as to how and when a private citizen will be permitted to institute quo warranto proceedings in this court. Since the American law adopted the common-law writs as modified by pre-Revolutionary statutes, we must fully understand the effect of these statutes to solve current problems involving the writ of quo warranto.2 The common-law quo warranto "served as one of the main weapons of the Crown to prevent a dispersal of its powers of government through the claim of [ 234 Minn. 537 ] franchises by barons or boroughs"3 and could not issue, or the information be filed, at the relation of a private individual.4 Being cumbersome and at times unsatisfactory to the Crown, this original writ fell into disuse at an early date5 and was superseded by a remedy called "information in the nature of a Quo Warranto," which served the same purpose as the original writ6 but provided means for a speedy disposition of the controversy.7 In 1711, the "information in the nature of a Quo Warranto" was extended by statute8 so that private persons, with the leave of the court, were allowed to file an information for the purpose of prosecuting the same against persons usurping, intruding into, or unlawfully holding and executing any office or franchise in corporations and boroughs.9 Thus, the common law as we adopted it provided for the information in the nature of quo warranto as a civil remedy which was allowed to be filed by (1) the attorney general ex officio on behalf of the Crown, and (2) by the master of the Crown Office at the instance of a private individual10; but in certain cases an information could only be filed by the attorney general ex officio.11 [ 234 Minn. 538 ] Today, the supreme court has jurisdiction to issue writs of quo warranto under § 480.04.12 Quo warranto as authorized by this statute is not in essence the old common-law writ, even though the statute allows the issuance of writs of quo warranto, but rather the information in the nature of quo warranto as changed by 9 Anne, c. 20 (12 Stat. at Large, p. 190).13 To understand this statutory proceeding, it is necessary to analyze our existing case law in connection with the historical development of the information in the nature of quo warranto. The procedure for obtaining a statutory writ of quo warranto is not identical in all respects with the common-law procedure for filing an information in the nature of a quo warranto. In an action under § 480.04 for a writ of quo warranto, as under the common law, no summons or complaint is necessary. Where the application for the writ is made by the attorney general ex officio, the public interest requires that the writ issue.14 Where, however, the issuance of the writ is sought by a private individual with the consent of the attorney general — only in a few very restricted circumstances is the attorney general's consent not necessary15 — the private individual must petition the court for leave to file an information for a writ of quo warranto.16 The granting or withholding of leave to file an information for a writ of quo warranto at the instance of a private individual, with or without the consent of the attorney [ 234 Minn. 539 ] general, rests in the sound discretion of the court.17 When, however, the supreme court permits an information for a writ of quo warranto to be filed and has issued the writ, the court is deemed to have exercised its discretionary power favorably for the relator,18 and it is immaterial that relator failed to petition the court for leave to file the information upon which the writ was issued.19 After the writ is issued, defendant may plead to such writ within the time specified therein, and the proceeding continues in the same manner as in an ordinary civil action.20 The judgment for relator may be a general judgment of ouster, an ouster of the right to do the particular act complained of, a suspensive judgment of ouster with a fine accompanying it, or a simple fine.21 4. Does a private citizen, however, with the consent of the attorney general, have the right to use the writ of quo warranto to test the validity of annexation proceedings? Where the party aggrieved may obtain full and adequate relief in either a common-law or equitable action, a writ of quo warranto is not available.22 Some authorities hold that the proper remedy for persons specifically interested in or affected by annexation proceedings is an injunction.23 Speaking in regard to these authorities, our court in State ex rel. [ 234 Minn. 540 ]
FEDERAL Rule 81 APPLICABILITY OF THE RULES IN GENERAL; REMOVED ACTIONS.pdf
1. (a) APPLICABILITY TO PARTICULAR PROCEEDINGS.
  1. (1) Prize Proceedings. These rules do not apply to prize proceedings in admiralty governed by 10 U.S.C. §§7651–7681.
    1. (2) Bankruptcy. These rules apply to bankruptcy proceedings to the extent provided by the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure.
      1. (3) Citizenship. These rules apply to proceedings for admission to citizenship to the extent that the practice in those proceedings is not specified in federal statutes and has previously conformed to the practice in civil actions. The provisions of 8 U.S.C. §1451 for service by publication and for answer apply in proceedings to cancel citizenship certificates.
      2. (4) Special Writs. These rules apply to proceedings for habeas corpus and for quo warranto to the extent that the practice in those proceedings: (A) is not specified in a federal statute, the Rules Governing Section 2254 Cases, or the Rules Governing Section 2255 Cases; and (B) has previously conformed to the practice in civil actions.
      3. (5) Proceedings Involving a Subpoena. These rules apply to proceedings to compel testimony or the production of documents through a subpoena issued by a United States officer or agency under a federal statute, except as otherwise provided by statute, by local rule, or by court order in the proceedings.
      4. (6) Other Proceedings. These rules, to the extent applicable, govern proceedings under the following laws, except as these laws provide other procedures: (A) 7 U.S.C. §§292, 499g(c), for reviewing an order of the Secretary of Agriculture; (B) 9 U.S.C., relating to arbitration; (C) 15 U.S.C. §522, for reviewing an order of the Secretary of the Interior; (D) 15 U.S.C. §715d(c), for reviewing an order denying a certificate of clearance; (E) 29 U.S.C. §§159, 160, for enforcing an order of the National Labor Relations Board; (F) 33 U.S.C. §§918, 921, for enforcing or reviewing a compensation order under the Longshore and Harbor Workers’ Compensation Act; and (G) 45 U.S.C. §159, for reviewing an arbitration award in a railway-labor dispute.
      5. (b) SCIRE FACIAS AND MANDAMUS.
      6. The writs of scire facias and mandamus are abolished. Relief previously available through them may be obtained by appropriate action or motion under these rules.
2. (c) REMOVED ACTIONS.
  1. (1) Applicability. These rules apply to a civil action after it is removed from a state court.
    1. (2) Further Pleading. After removal, repleading is unnecessary unless the court orders it. A defendant who did not answer before removal must answer or present other defenses or objections under these rules within the longest of these periods: (A) 21 days after receiving—through service or otherwise—a copy of the initial pleading stating the claim for relief; (B) 21 days after being served with the summons for an initial pleading on file at the time of service; or (C) 7 days after the notice of removal is filed.
      1. (3) Demand for a Jury Trial. (A) As Affected by State Law. A party who, before removal, expressly demanded a jury trial in accordance with state law need not renew the demand after removal. If the state law did not require an express demand for a jury trial, a party need not make one after removal unless the court orders the parties to do so within a specified time. The court must so order at a party's request and may so order on its own. A party who fails to make a demand when so ordered waives a jury trial. (B) Under Rule 38. If all necessary pleadings have been served at the time of removal, a party entitled to a jury trial under Rule 38 must be given one if the party serves a demand within 14 days after: (i) it files a notice of removal; or (ii) it is served with a notice of removal filed by another party.
      2. (d) LAW APPLICABLE.
      3. (1) “State Law” Defined. When these rules refer to state law, the term “law” includes the state's statutes and the state's judicial decisions.
      4. (2) “State” Defined. The term “state” includes, where appropriate, the District of Columbia and any United States commonwealth or territory.
      5. (3) “Federal Statute” Defined in the District of Columbia. In the United States District Court for the District of Columbia, the term “federal statute” includes any Act of Congress that applies locally to the District.
3. COMMITTEE NOTES ON RULES— 2007 AMENDMENT The language of Rule 81 has been amended as part of the general restyling of the Civil Rules to make them more easily understood and to make style and terminology consistent throughout the rules. These changes are intended to be stylistic only. Rule 81(c) has been revised to reflect the amendment of 28 U.S.C. §1446(a) that changed the procedure for removal from a petition for removal to a notice of removal. Former Rule 81(e), drafted before the decision in Erie R.R. v. Tompkins, 304 U.S. 64 (1938), defined state law to include “the statutes of that state and the state judicial decisions construing them.” The Erie decision reinterpreted the Rules of Decision Act, now 28 U.S.C. §1652, recognizing that the “laws” of the states include the common law established by judicial decisions. Long-established practice reflects this understanding, looking to state common law as well as statutes and court rules when a Civil Rule directs use of state law. Amended Rule 81(d)(1) adheres to this practice, including all state judicial decisions, not only those that construe state statutes. Former Rule 81(f) is deleted. The office of district director of internal revenue was abolished by restructuring under the Internal Revenue Service Restructuring and Reform Act of 1998, Pub. L. 105–206, July 22, 1998, 26 U.S.C. §1 Note.
  1. NOTES OF ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON RULES—1937 Note to Subdivision (a). Paragraph (1): Compare the enabling act, act of June 19, 1934, U.S.C., Title 28, §§723b [see 2072] (Rules in actions at law; Supreme Court authorized to make) and 723c [see 2072] (Union of equity and action at law rules; power of Supreme Court). For the application of these rules in bankruptcy and copyright proceedings, see Orders xxxvi and xxxvii in Bankruptcy and Rule 1 of Rules of Practice and Procedure under §25 of the copyright act, act of March 4, 1909, U.S.C., Title 17, §25 [see 412, 501 to 504] (Infringement and rules of procedure). For examples of statutes which are preserved by paragraph (2) see: U.S.C., Title 8, ch. 9 [former] (Naturalization); Title 28, ch. 14 [now 153] (Habeas corpus); Title 28, §§377a– 377c (Quo warranto); and such forfeiture statutes as U.S.C., Title 7, §116 (Misbranded seeds, confiscation), and Title 21, §14 [see 334(b)] (Pure Food and Drug Act— condemnation of adulterated or misbranded food; procedure). See also 443 Cans of Frozen Eggs Product v. U.S., 226 U.S. 172, 33 S.Ct. 50 (1912). For examples of statutes which under paragraph (7) will continue to govern procedure in condemnation cases, see U.S.C., [former] Title 40, §258 (Condemnation of realty for sites for public building, etc., procedure); U.S.C., Title 16, §831x (Condemnation by Tennessee Valley Authority); U.S.C., [former] Title 40, §120 (Acquisition of lands for public use in District of Columbia); [former] Title 40, ch. 7 (Acquisition of lands in District of Columbia for use of United States; condemnation). Note to Subdivision (b). Some statutes which will be affected by this subdivision are:
    1. U.S.C., Title 7: AGRICULTURE
    2. §222 (Federal Trade Commission powers adopted for enforcement of Stockyards Act) (By reference to Title 15, §49)
    3. U.S.C., Title 15: COMMERCE AND TRADE
    4. §49 (Enforcement of Federal Trade Commission orders and antitrust laws)
    5. §77t(c) (Enforcement of Securities and Exchange Commission orders and Securities Act of 1933)
    6. §78u(f) (Same; Securities Exchange Act of 1934)
    7. §79r(g) (Same; Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935)
    8. U.S.C., Title 16: CONSERVATION
    9. §820 (Proceedings in equity for revocation or to prevent violations of license of Federal Power Commission licensee)
    10. §825m(b) (Mandamus to compel compliance with Federal Water Power Act, etc.)
    11. U.S.C., Title 19: CUSTOMS DUTIES
    12. §1333(c) (Mandamus to compel compliance with orders of Tariff Commission, etc.)
    13. U.S.C., Title 28: JUDICIARY & JUDICIAL PROCEDURE
    14. §572 [now 1923] (Fees, attorneys, solicitors and proctors)
    15. §377 [now 1651] (Power to issue writs)
    16. §778 [former] (Death of parties; substitution of executor or administrator). Compare Rule 25(a) (Substitution of parties; death), and the note thereto.
    17. U.S.C., Title 33: NAVIGATION & NAVIGABLE WATERS
    18. §495 (Removal of bridges over navigable waters)
    19. U.S.C., Title 45: RAILROADS
    20. §88 (Mandamus against Union Pacific Railroad Company)
    21. §153(p) (Mandamus to enforce orders of Adjustment Board under Railway Labor Act)
    22. §185 (Same; National Air Transport Adjustment Board) (By reference to §153)
    23. U.S.C., Title 47: TELECOMMUNICATIONS
    24. §11 (Powers of Federal Communications Commission)
    25. §401(a) (Enforcement of Federal Communications Act and orders of Commission)
    26. §406 (Same; compelling furnishing of facilities; mandamus)
    27. U.S.C., Title 49: TRANSPORTATION
    28. §19a(l) [see 11703(a), 14703, 15903(a)] (Mandamus to compel compliance with Interstate Commerce Act)
    29. §20(9) [see 11703(a), 14703, 15903(a)] (Jurisdiction to compel compliance with interstate commerce laws by mandamus)
    30. For comparable provisions in state practice see Ill. Rev. Stat. (1937), ch. 110, §179; Calif. Code Civ. Proc. (Deering, 1937) §802.
    31. Note to Subdivision (c). Such statutes as the following dealing with the removal of actions are substantially continued and made subject to these rules:
    32. U.S.C., Title 28: JUDICIARY & JUDICIAL PROCEDURE
    33. §71 [now 1441, 1445, 1447] (Removal of suits from state courts)
    34. §72 [now 1446, 1447] (Same; procedure)
    35. U.S.C., Title 28, §72 [now 1446, 1447], supra, however, is modified by shortening the time for pleading in removed actions.
    36. §73 [former] (Same; suits under grants of land from different states)
    37. §74 [now 1443, 1446, 1447] (Same; causes against persons denied civil rights)
    38. §75 [now 1446] (Same; petitioner in actual custody of state court)
    39. §76 [now 1442, 1446, 1447] (Same; suits and prosecutions against revenue officers)
    40. §77 [now 1442] (Same; suits by aliens)
    41. §78 [now 1449] (Same; copies of records refused by clerk of state court)
    42. §79 [now 1450] (Same; previous attachment bonds or orders)
    43. §80 [now 1359, 1447, 1919] (Same; dismissal or remand)
    44. §81 [now 1447] (Same; proceedings in suits removed)
    45. §82 [former] (Same; record; filing and return)
    46. §83 [now 1447, 1448] (Service of process after removal)
    47. Note to Subdivision (e). The last sentence of this subdivision modifies U.S.C., Title 28, §725 [now 1652] (Laws of States as rules of decision) in so far as that statute has been construed to govern matters of procedure and to exclude state judicial decisions relative thereto.
    48. 28 USC §1652 The laws of the several states, except where the Constitution or treaties of the United States or Acts of Congress otherwise require or provide, shall be regarded as rules of decision in civil actions in the courts of the United States, in cases where they apply.
    49. 3/24/13 Rule 81. Applicability of the Rules in General; Removed Actions | Federal Rules of Civil Procedure | LII / Legal Information Institute
THIS XMind map was authorized by China Brown, EXECUTIVE VICE PRESIDENT OF Lisa Stinocher O'Hanlon on 2014.08.04
1. How to use my study maps:
2. 1
3. Head over to XMind.net.
4. 2
5. Download and install the FREE software.
6. 3
7. Now you can download any XMind map you like from my XMind account to your own computer and use it to work your own case. Save the originals in a special folder so that you can start over if you mess up, or share them with a friend or loved one.
8. 4
9. Please share my maps as much as possible. You can find them here:
10. For more AUTHORIZED mind maps visit: https://www.xmind.net/share/hennalady/
11. http://pinterest.com/thehennalady/
12. http://hennalady.minus.com/uploads
13. http://www.scribd.com/AngryJeweler
14. 5
15. Please take them to your local copy center and have large versions printed. Now you can deliver them to your local child support agency, or to low income neighborhoods, pin them to your local pub bulletin board; bus stops, the break room at work, AA clubs, your local workhouse, --> wherever!
16. Distribution copy. This document is copyright free; and is NOT FOR SALE at any cost; VOID WHERE PROHIBITED.
17. 6
18. I wanted to tell you -->
19. that if you download this map and then highlight the title (by clicking on it once) and then hit control + C and then
20. go to a word processor document like Google docs or OpenOffice and put down your curser and then hit control + V;
21. All of this work will drop into your document like magic and then you can pick up and start where I left off today after fifteen years of research...
22. and, you can use MY NOTES http://angryjeweler.wix.com/write
23. <3 ~ A.J.
MN RCP Rule 81.Applicability; in General.pdf
81.01Statutory and Other Procedures
1. (a)Procedures Preserved.
  1. These rules do not govern pleadings, practice and procedure in the statutory and other proceedings listed in Appendix A insofar as they are inconsistent or in conflict with the rules.
    1. (Amended effective January 1, 1997.) Advisory Committee Comment - 1996 Amendment Advisory Committee Comments
    2. Although Rule 81.01(a) is not amended, the committee recommends that the list of special proceedings exempted from the rules by this rule be updated. An updated Appendix A is included in these proposed amendments.
    3. APPENDIX A
    4. Appendix A - Special Proceedings Under Rule 81.01
    5. I AM; SPECIAL
2. (b)[Abrogated]
  1. (Amended effective January 1, 1997.) Advisory Committee Comment - 1996 Amendment Advisory Committee Comments
    1. Rule 81.01(b) should be abrogated to reflect the decision of the Minnesota Supreme Court in Rice v. Connolly, 488 N.W.2d 241, 244 (Minn. 1992), in which the court held: "[W]e have determined that quo warranto jurisdiction as it once existed in the district court must be reinstated and that petitions for the writ of quo warranto and information in the nature of quo warranto shall be filed in the first instance in the district court."
    2. Rice v. Connolly, 488 N.W.2d 241, 244 (Minn. 1992)
    3. http://www.leagle.com/xmlResult.aspx?xmldoc=1992729488NW2d241_1721.xml&docbase=CSLWAR2-1986-2006
    4. http://archive.leg.state.mn.us/docs/2011/other/110561/A11-1107_Order_Dismiss.pdf
    5. http://archive.leg.state.mn.us/docs/2011/other/110561/A11-1107_Respondent_Attorney_Generals_Memorandum_in_Support_of_Her_Motion_to_Dismiss_Petition_for_Quo_Warranto.pdf
    6. The court recognized its retention of original jurisdiction under Minnesota Statutes, section 480.04 (1990), and also indicated its "future intention to exercise that discretion in only the most exigent of circumstances.
    7. 480.04 WRITS; PROCESS. The court shall have power to issue to all courts of inferior jurisdiction and to all corporations and individuals, writs of error, certiorari, mandamus, prohibition, quo warranto and all other writs and processes, whether especially provided for by statute or not, that are necessary to the execution of the laws and the furtherance of justice. It shall be always open for the issuance and return of such writs and processes and for the hearing and determination of all matters involved therein and for the entry in its minutes of such orders as may from time to time be necessary to carry out the power and authority conferred upon it by law, subject to such rules as it may prescribe. Any justice of the court, either in vacation or in term, may order the writ or process to issue and prescribe as to its service and return. History: (132) RL s 72; 1917 c 408 s 1; 1985 c 248 s 70
    8. Writ of certiorari
    9. Writ of habeas corpus
    10. Writ of ne exeat
    11. Writ of mandamus
    12. U.S.C., Title 28: §377 [now 1651] (Power to issue writs)
    13. TITLE V. EXTRAORDINARY WRITS
    14. We comment further that the reinstatement of quo warranto jurisdiction in the district court is intended to exist side by side with the appropriate alternative forms of remedy heretofore available...." 488 N.W.2d at 244.
    15. ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES ACT
    16. LAW OF AGENCY
    17. The continued existence of a rule purporting to recognize a procedural remedy now expressly held to exist can only prove misleading or confusing in future litigation. Abrogation of the rule is appropriate to obviate any lack of clarity.
    18. WHAT THE HELL IS THAT SUPPOSED TO MEAN, REALLY?
3. (c)Statutes Superseded.
  1. Subject to provision (a) of this rule, the statutes listed in Appendix B and all other statutes inconsistent or in conflict with these rules are superseded insofar as they apply to pleading, practice, and procedure in the district court.
    1. APPENDIX B1
    2. Appendix B(1) - List of Rules Superseding Statutes
    3. RCP_AppendixB1.pdf
    4. APPENDIX B1
    5. Appendix B(2) - List of Statutes Superseded by Rules
    6. RCP_AppendixB2.pdf
81.02Appeals to District Courts
1. RULES OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE BOSS
  1. MIGHT AS WELL STUDY THEM FIRST; LOWER COURTS ARE ALL GOING TO RULE AGAINST YOU BECAUSE IT'S GOOD MONEY FOR THE STATE AND COUNTY AND BAR TO RUN YOU THROUGH AND DRAIN YOUR LIFE SAVINGS... AND YOUR CESTE QUE TRUST
2. These rules do not supersede the provisions of statutes relating to appeals to the district courts.
81.03Rules Incorporated into Statutes
1. Where any statute heretofore or hereafter enacted, whether or not listed in Appendix A, provides that any act in a civil proceeding shall be done in the manner provided by law, such act shall be done in accordance with these rules.
  1. <-------
    1. IN THE MANNER PROVIDED BY LAW MEANS IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE
    2. 645
    3. 645.19 CONSTRUCTION OF PROVISOS AND EXCEPTIONS.
    4. Provisos shall be construed to limit rather than to extend the operation of the clauses to which they refer. Exceptions expressed in a law shall be construed to exclude all others.
    5. 645.20 CONSTRUCTION OF SEVERABLE PROVISIONS.
    6. Unless there is a provision in the law that the provisions shall not be severable, the provisions of all laws shall be severable. If any provision of a law is found to be unconstitutional and void, the remaining provisions of the law shall remain valid, unless the court finds the valid provisions of the law are so essentially and inseparably connected with, and so dependent upon, the void provisions that the court cannot presume the legislature would have enacted the remaining valid provisions without the void one; or unless the court finds the remaining valid provisions, standing alone, are incomplete and are incapable of being executed in accordance with the legislative intent.
    7. 645.22 UNIFORM LAWS.
    8. 645.22 UNIFORM LAWS.
    9. Laws uniform with those of other states shall be interpreted and construed to effect their general purpose to make uniform the laws of those states which enact them.