1. A higher level activity
   1. "COGNITION"
      1. Mental process
         1. involved in any kind of learning when we look at the skills, especially Reading
2. All skills are basically cognitive in nature
3. Reading research quarterly
   1. journal - ELIJ
4. Journal for reading skills
   1. ELTJ
   2. TESOL
   3. Language learning
   4. JEFL
5. Two views of reading
   1. 1. Product view
      1. Looks at the END product of reading
      2. WHAT happens at the RESULT of the reading
         1. Comprehension or no comprehension
            1. How much, how well are on understand
            2. 1. (+) comprehension
            3. Complete comprehension
            4. 2. (+, -) comprehension
            5. partial comprehension
            6. 3. (-) comprehension
            7. Nill (Zero) comprehension
   2. 2. Process view
      1. HOW does one read?
      2. HOW to manage to comprehension?
      3. 1. TOP-DOWN PROCESS
         1. complete, total comprehension
            1. information in the text is already available in our cognition and no pat of the text is new or unknown, unfamiliar
            2. information flows from the cognition, storage and checks with the text and finds that the text is already familiar
      4. 2. INTERACTIVE PROCESS
         1. partial unsuccessful, partial successful comprehension
            1. some parts of the text are known
            2. some parts of the text are new
            3. while reading, we can GUESS "MEANING" of the unknown with the help of contextual clues.
      5. 3. BOTTOM-UP PROCESS
         1. Comprehension starts form the text and moves towards the cognition storage
            1. no part of the text is known and everything is new
            2. unless, the words, expression, concepts, etc given in the text, become known and familiar, comprehension will not take place
6. Questions
   1. How do we understand reading?
   2. What is reading?
   3. How does one read and understand?
   4. How does one fail to read and understand?
   5. Who is a good Reader?
   6. Who is an average of poor reader?
   7. Why, how some one become a poor, average and good reader, what are the factors affect reading?
   8. Can one improve reading skills?
   9. Can one become better reader, how?
   10. Why can't become better reader?
   11. Is reading skill essential? useful activity?
   12. Will there be problems, if I do not reading?
   13. LSRW - are interlinked?
7. "COMPREHENSION"
   1. a complex process
      1. involves a number of activities
      2. Inter-related process (Cyclical process)
   2. What is comprehension?
   3. How does comprehension take place?
   4. The result of several "PROCESS"
      1. 1. Location
         1. of a piece of information
      2. 2. Recognition
      3. 3. Reading
      4. 4. Re-organization
      5. 5. Integration
      6. 6. Evaluation
      7. 7. Relocate Information
8. Readers
   1. 1. Every Reader uses his/her own cognition in reading
      1. who has words, syntax, meanings
      2. previous knowledge
      3. Social knowledge
   2. 2. A reader brings "A Lot of Information" into his reading
      1. SCHEMA
         1. A set of ideas from experience
            1. produce "SCHEMATA"
9. Reading (types)
   1. two types
      1. 1. Intensive Reading
         1. Detailed text
         2. to teach vocabulary, grammar, reading, writing
         3. to give a close knowledge of the details
         4. teaching everything slow + comprehension
      2. 2. Extensive Reading
         1. non-detailed text
         2. for reading, for pleasure, enjoyment
         3. fast + comprehension, rapid reading
            1. SKIMMING
            2. for general information
            3. Eg: newspaper, page
            4. learn how to guess meaning
            5. SCANNING
            6. for specific information
            7. Eg: film, theater, time
   2. Reading Comprehension
      1. 1. Global comprehension
         1. in general
      2. 2. Local comprehension
         1. in specific
   3. Reading activity
      1. skill
         1. Reading silently
         2. reading aloud
            1. all adult reading is silent reading, + speed comprehension, not disturb
      2. Mechanics
         1. sub-vocalization
         2. index finger
   4. EYE-SPAN
      1. chunks of information
         1. natural group
      2. Meaningful chunks
10. Stages
    1. 1. pre-reading stage
       1. Motivation
          1. introducing theme, interest, purpose, need to do something, identification, curiosity, activates thinking, provokes related framework, meaning captured, guessing approximation
    2. 2. reading stage
    3. 3. post reading stage
    4. 4. teaching reading class room
11. Evaluation
    1. 1. Questions
       1. oral, written, oral-written
          1. discussion
          2. Questions while teaching in the class
    2. 2. Teaching Questions/ Testing questions
       1. during teaching
          1. Eg: is it clear?
          2. do you get it?
       2. in examination, assignment, test....
    3. Three types of Q
       1. 1. Factual
          1. "FACTS"
             1. look for information in the texts
             2. directly available
       2. 2. Inferential
          1. "Read between the lines"
             1. inferring from the context
       3. 3. Evaluative
          1. "Read beyond the lines"
             1. bring personal feelings, choices, knowledge, experience
             2. context is not available directly in the text- deduce, deduct, assume
    4. Every question should have very clear OBJECTIVES