1. Introduction
   1. Archaeology
   2. Uncovering the Mind
   3. Interpreting the Unconscious
   4. Focus on Treatment of Disorders
2. From Brain to Mind
   1. Culture
      1. Neuron recently isolated
      2. Complexity of brain just beginning to be understood
   2. Freud's Training
      1. Graduated medical school
      2. Started as a researcher
      3. Clinical practice started
         1. Needed money
         2. Started on Easter
      4. Charcot
         1. Ideas can cause symptoms
         2. Problems not in the flesh
            1. Problems in an idea
            2. Ideas outside of awareness
         3. Ideas can bring temporary cures
   3. Hysteria
      1. Considered common and chronic in women
      2. Hysterics
         1. Suffered from physical disabilities
         2. Evidenced no obvious physical impairment
      3. Considered by doctors of the time as
         1. Malingerers
         2. Morally suspect fakers
         3. Generally weakened nervous system
         4. Symptoms
            1. Random
            2. Meaningless
      4. History of Diagnosis
         1. First diagnosed in at least 4th century BC
         2. APA dropped diagnosis in 1952
         3. Ancient, medieval, Renaissance, and modern medical authorities before Freud characterized hysteria as a collection of "vague and sexually focused" symptoms
            1. chronic arousal
            2. anxiety
            3. sleeplessness
            4. irritability
            5. nervousness
            6. erotic fantasy
            7. sensations of heaviness in the abdomen
            8. lower pelvic edema
            9. vaginal lubrication
      5. History of Treatment
         1. First Century AD & Earlier
            1. Hippocritic corpus
            2. Celsus
         2. 17th Century
            1. Pieter van Foreest (1653)
            2. When these symptoms indicate, we think it necessary to ask a midwife to assist, so that she can massage the genitalia with one finger inside, using oil of lilies, musk root, crocus, or [something] similar. And in this way the afflicted woman can be aroused to the paroxysm. This kind of stimulation with the finger is recommended by Galen and Avicenna, among others, most especially for widows, those who live chaste lives, and female religious, as Gradus [Ferrari da Gradi] proposes; it is less often recommended for very young women, public women, or married women, for whom it is a better remedy to engage in intercourse with their spouses.
         3. 19th Century
            1. Pinel
            2. Gall
            3. Tripier
            4. Briquet
      6. Freud's Diagnosis
         1. Disease of mind not of brain
         2. Ideas, not nerves, are the origins of problems
            1. Disturbing ideas connected to a stressful event
            2. Not remembered by the patient
         3. "Hysteria was caused by trapped memories and the feelings associated with them"
            1. Memories and feelings never processed normally
            2. Split off from the rest of the mind
            3. Fester and rise to the surface as troubling and "seemingly inexplicable" symptoms
         4. Content of the memories and feeling
            1. Disturbing
            2. Unacceptable
            3. In conflict with the rest of the person's ideas and feelings
            4. "incompatible with the rest of consciousness and were themselves actively kept out of awareness"
         5. "Whereas Breuer saw hysterics as people susceptible to altered states of consciousness, to being 'spaced out,' Freud saw hysterics as people rent with conflicts and harboring secrests, from themselves as well as from others."
      7. Freud's Treatment
         1. Hypnosis
            1. Breuer
            2. Bertha Pappenheim
            3. Anna O.
            4. "chimney sweeping"
            5. "talking cure"
            6. Using hypnosis her associations lead back to origin of symptoms
            7. Origin connected to a disturbing and forgotten memory
            8. Talking leades to an emotional discharge
            9. Emotional discharge followed by symptoms disappearing
3. From Hypnosis to Psychoanalysis
   1. Rooted in clinical work treating patients
      1. Theory leads to technical innovations
      2. Innovations led to new clinical data
      3. New clinical data led to new theories
      4. Started with hypnosis
         1. Found it less helpful in reaching problematic memories and feelings
         2. Symptom relief was temporary
         3. Permanent symptom relief
            1. Unconscious objectionable and disturbing material must become available to normal consciousness
            2. Hypnosis gave the analyst access to the secrets but remained secret from the patient
            3. Disturbing memories accessed during the hypnosis "slipped beyond reach again as the patient" was brought out of the hypnotic state.
         4. Any awareness the patient gained during hypnosis was lost when the hypnosis ended
            1. There was a mental force keeping the memories at bay
            2. Freud called this a "defense."
            3. Hypnosis artificially bypasses the defense
         5. Struggling with the clinical problem to remove this defense leads to advances in both theory and technique
            1. Theory: topographical model of the mind
            2. Technique: free association
   2. Topographical Model
      1. Unconscious
         1. System Ucs
         2. Repository of unacceptable ideas and feelings
      2. Preconscious
         1. System Pcs
         2. Repository of acceptable ideas and feelings
         3. Capable of becoming conscious
      3. Conscious
         1. System Cs
         2. Repository of ideas and feelings in immediate awareness at any given time
      4. Theoretical shift leads to a clinical shift
         1. From the analyst discovering the patient's secrets through hypnosis
         2. To removing the patient's mental defenses against the secrets
         3. Efforts to dismantle the defenses completely rather than temporarily like hypnosis leads to free association
   3. Free Association
      1. Similar to hypnosis
         1. Reclines on couch
         2. Quiet
         3. Induces a particular state of mind
            1. Between normal wakefulness
            2. and a hypnotic trance
         4. Analyst sits behind and out of direct vision
      2. Patient encouraged to say whatever comes to mind
         1. Do not edit
         2. Do not screen
         3. Follow tangents
         4. Passive observer and reporter of stream of consciousness
      3. Function
         1. Helps the analyst discern patient's secrets
         2. Defenses remain intact
            1. Defenses can be noted
            2. Defenses can be addressed
         3. Bypasses the normal process of editing of
            1. Disturbing feelings
            2. Unwanted ideas
            3. Conflicts
            4. Forbidden wishes
      4. Patient remains fully awake
      5. Impossible to do for very long
         1. Process breaks down in the face of defenses
         2. Patients stop talking
            1. Reach repressed material
            2. Disturbing feelings
            3. Unwanted ideas
            4. Conflicts
            5. Forbidden wishes
            6. Thoughts about the analyst
            7. Contain conflictual thoughts and feelings transferred from past
            8. Becomes object of intense
            9. Longing
            10. Love
            11. Hate
   4. Transference & Resistance
      1. Patients resist free associating
         1. Embarrassing thoughts
         2. "Seemingly trivial" thoughts
         3. Thoughts pertaining to the analyst
      2. Resistance against free association are same force as the defenses that drove the original memories into the unconscious
         1. Transference and Resistance must be
            1. Exposed
            2. Identified
            3. Disolved
         2. Analyzing free associations and the resistances to free association provides access to both sides of the symptomatic conflict
            1. The secret thoughts and feelings
            2. The defensive thoughts and feelings rejecting the secrets
4. Dreams
   1. Common in a patient's free associations
   2. Treated as any other free association
      1. Contained hidden thoughts
      2. Connected to earlier experiences
   3. Disguised fulfillments of conflictual wishes
      1. A compromise between the mental force pushing the wish into consciousness
      2. The mental force keeping the conflictual wish at bay
   4. True meaning is hidden from the dream experienced
      1. Latent content is distorted into manifest content
         1. Condensation
         2. Displacement
         3. Symbolism
         4. Create
      2. Distorted images appear
         1. Meaningless
         2. Disconnected
         3. Strung together in a storyline by the process of "secondary elaboration"
5. Childhood Sexuality
   1. Many forbidden memories, ideas, and feelings were related to
      1. Sex
      2. Sexuality
      3. Early childhood experiences
   2. Infantile seduction theory
      1. "The root of all neurosis is the premature introduction of sexuality into the experience of the child."
      2. Rejected by peers
      3. Eventually didn't fit the data
         1. Patients without explicit memories of molestation
         2. Self-analysis
            1. Never seduced
            2. Wished to be seduced
      4. Inherently controversial
         1. Child is seduced
         2. Child wishes to be seduced
   3. Theory of Instinctual Drive
      1. Textual Sources
         1. Mitchell & Black (1995) Freud and Beyond pp. (13, 14, & top 15)
         2. Freud (1910) Formulations on the Two Principles on Psychic Functioning
         3. Freud (1915a) Drives and Their Fates
         4. Freud (1915b) Repression
         5. Loewald (1980) Primary Process, Secondary Process, and Language
      2. Drive Theory.ppsx
         1. Psychic Functioning
            1. Origins of Investigation
            2. Developed from studying neurosis
            3. "We have long observed that every neurosis has the effect, and so probably the purpose, of forcing the patient out of real life, of alienating him from reality."
            4. "The Neurotic turns away from reality because he finds either the whole or parts of it unbearable."
            5. Primary Processes
            6. Origins in the Ucs
            7. Oldest process
            8. Remnants of a phase of development in which Ucs processes were the only processes.
            9. These processes obey the "pleasure principle"
            10. "basic ideation"
            11. Pleasure Principle.ppsx
            12. Failure leads the mind to change
            13. Mind resolves to form an "idea"
            14. This is an idea of the circumstances of the "outside world" And to endeavor to change the circumstances.
            15. "With this, a new principle of psychic activity was initiated; now ideas were formed no longer of what was pleasant, but of what was real, even if this happened to be unpleasant."
            16. Reality Principle.ppsx
            17. Secondary Processes
            18. Develop with the advent of the Reality Principle
            19. Motor activity changes
            20. "Under the rule of the pleasure principle [motor discharge] had served to relieve the [mind] from increases in stimulation by means of innervations sent inside the body (physical gestures, expressions of emotion)..."
            21. Under the reality principle, motor discharge "was now given a new function, being deployed to make expedient alterations to external reality."
            22. Motor discharge is "transformed into action."
            23. It now became necessary to hold motor discharge (action) in check..."
            24. Motor discharge is held in check "via the thought process, which evolved from basic ideation."
            25. "Thought Processes"
            26. "Thought became endowed with the qualities that enable the [mind] to tolerate the increase in tension from stimuli while discharge was deferred."
            27. "essentially a trial run of an action"
            28. Thought Processes.ppsx
            29. Origins of language
            30. "Split"
            31. Fanaticizing
            32. Exempt from reality-testing
            33. Obeys pleasure principle
            34. Does not rely on actual objects
            35. Seen in "daydreaming"
            36. Tolerate increasing tension
            37. Accurate reality-testing
            38. Obeys reality principle
            39. Relies on actual objects
            40. General tendency of psychic apparatus (mind) is to tenaciously cling to existing sources of pleasure and have difficulty giving them up
            41. Transition from "pleasure" to "reality"
            42. Gradual
            43. Not along a uniform front
            44. Example: sexual development
            45. Two egos
            46. Pleasure-ego (Pleasure-I) can do nothing but wish, pursue pleasure, and avoid unpleasure
            47. Reality-ego (Reality-I) has no other task than to strive for what is useful and to protect itself from what is harmful
            48. Reality Principle: Momentary pleasure with uncertain consequences is given up, but only in order to obtain the new approach, a more secure pleasure later on.
      3. Drive Theory II
         1. Drive Characteristics
            1. Pressure
            2. Force
            3. Workload it represents
            4. Aim
            5. Always satisfaction
            6. Discharge of tension
            7. Satisfaction only achieved by removing the state of stimulation at the source of the drive
            8. Object
            9. "That upon which or through which the drive is able to achieve its aim"
            10. remove the state of stimulation
            11. discharge tension
            12. Most variable characteristic of drive
            13. Not originally connected to the drive
            14. Discovered through experiences
            15. "The drive appropriates the object on the basis that the object is suitable to provide satisfaction" (remove state of stimulation; discharge tension)
            16. Could be external
            17. breast
            18. bottle
            19. pacifier
            20. could be part of the "subject's" (infant's) body
            21. thumb
            22. fingers
            23. As the drive unfolds, the object may be changed as often as required
            24. Same object may be used for multiple drives
            25. Fixation is a particularly intimate attachment of a drive to an object
            26. Often seen in very early phases of development
            27. Puts an end to the drive's ability to change (mutability)
            28. Vigorously resists detaching from the object
            29. Source
            30. Physical process in an organ or part of the body, whose stimulation is represented in the psyche [mind] by the drive
            31. Physical stimulation of an organ or body part which is represented in the mind (psychic apparatus) as a need (drive)
            32. Freud speculates process might be chemical and perhaps mechanical
         2. Drive Types
            1. Great scope of arbitrariness
            2. Freud's two primal drives
            3. Ego (I) drives (Self-preservation drives)
            4. Sexual Drives
            5. Learned about through treatment of neuroses
            6. Root of every neurotic illness lay in a conflict between the demands of sexuality and the demands of the ego (I)
            7. Characteristics
            8. Many in number
            9. Emanate from a great variety of organic sources (body parts)
            10. Mouth
            11. Anus
            12. Glans/Clitoris
            13. Skin
            14. Initially act independently of each other
            15. Aim of each drive is to obtain "organ pleasure" (discharge tension = pleasure)
            16. When synthesized, the psychic apparatus [mind] harnesses them for the reproductive function and become recognizable as "sexual"
            17. Initially, the sex drives are dependent upon the ego (I) drives and become detached from the ego (I) drives only gradually; when finding an object, they follow the paths laid down by the ego (I) drives.
            18. A proportion of the sex drives remain attached to the ego (I) drives throughout life and thus provide the ego (I) drives with "libidinal" components
            19. Libidinal components are easily overlooked during normal functioning
            20. Foreplay
            21. Anal eroticism
            22. Manifest themselves in illness
            23. Capable of feats far removed from original functions (e.g., sublimation)
         3. Drive Fates
            1. Reversed into opposite
            2. Subject (ego [I]) -- Object
            3. Pleasure--Unpleasure
            4. Active--Passive
            5. Example: Transforming love into hate
            6. coexistence is example of emotional ambivalence
            7. Complicated
            8. pp. 25 - 28
            9. Elaborated on by Klein
            10. Love into Hate.ppsx
            11. Turning back on the self
            12. Example: Masochism
            13. "One fate that a drive impulse can experience is to run up against resistances seeking to put it out of action."
            14. "flight is of no avail"
            15. "the ego (I) cannot escape from itself"
            16. "judicious rejection (disapproval) is found to be a good measure against drive impulses"
            17. Repression
            18. "A preliminary stage of this disapproval, something between flight and disapproval, is repression --a concept that could. not have been formulated in the days before psychoanalytical studies."
            19. See pp. 35-36
            20. Not an original defense mechanism
            21. "Its essence consists simply in the act of turning - and keeping - something away from the conscious."
            22. Cs/Ucs separation is prerequisite
            23. Primal Repression
            24. "Psychic (ideational representative of the drive being denied access to the conscious"
            25. Fixation: that particular drive representative (idea, belief, feeling) continues to exist unchanged and the drive remains attached to it (idea, belief, feeling).
            26. Actual Repression
            27. "Psychic derivatives (ancillary ideas, close approximations, similar feelings) of the repressed representative (idea, belief, feeling), or trains of thought that, though originating elsewhere, have become associated with it (idea, belief, feeling).experience the same fate as the primally repressed material."
            28. "Follow-up Repression"
            29. Failed Repressions
            30. Anxiety Hysteria (pp. 42-43)
            31. Conversion Hysteria (pp. 43-44)
            32. Compulsion Neurosis (pp. 44-45)
            33. Sublimation
   4. Oedipus Complex
      1. Sophocles Greek Tragedy
         1. Basic Story
         2. Does not describe a man aware of impulses
         3. Describes someone trapped in a dreadful and unavoidable fate
6. The Aggressive Drive
7. From Topography to Structure
8. Freud's Legacy