1. NOMENCLATURE
   1. FILE
      1. bunch of BYTEs having
         1. start & end
         2. location
      2. Byte stream
         1. fixed/moving
      3. unique ID
   2. FILE SYSTEM
      1. how an OS
         1. store
         2. arrange
         3. access
         4. DATA on a storage device - eg: HDD
   3. PARTITION
      1. physical separate area
      2. lowest, fundamental level
         1. on disk structure
      3. support
         1. 1 file system
         2. 1 blocking factor
   4. BLOCKING FACTOR
      1. the smallest addressable area on disk
      2. effect
         1. the larger the blocking factor
            1. the fewer i-nodes
            2. the smaller the i-node table.
         2. the smaller the blocking factor
            1. the more i-nodes
            2. the larger the i-node table
   5. BLOCK
      1. DEF
         1. smallest addressable unit on a storage device
      2. feature
         1. where read/write operations are performed
         2. files must start on block boundary
         3. 1 block =< file
      3. FRAGMENTATION
         1. large file = many blocks
         2. scattered around the disk
   6. MBR
      1. special type of boot sector
      2. at the very beginning of PARTITIONED mass storage devices
         1. eg: not floppy disk
      3. contains
         1. how logical partitions are organised
         2. exe code => load the installed OS
   7. SWAP
      1. special file system
      2. aid in refer-paging
         1. = fast swapping between RAM & disk
   8. FILE INDICES
      1. UNIX
         1. inodes
   9. HOT FIX
2. WINDOWS FILE SYSTEM
   1. FAT16
      1. max partition = 2GB
      2. win 9x
   2. FAT 32
      1. 64kb cluster
   3. NTFS
      1. 512 bytes cluster
      2. journaling file system
3. UNIX FILE SYSTEM
   1. different disk types
      1. DEVICE
         1. manipulate data
            1. around Unix environment
         2. /dev
            1. driver for device
      2. Floppy Disk
         1. /dev/fd0
      3. CD-ROM
         1. /dev/cdrom
      4. IDE
      5. SATA/SCSI/USB
      6. Mouse
         1. /dev/mouse
   2. mounting
      1. fixed file system
         1. /mnt
      2. removable file system
         1. /media
4. TYPICAL STORAGE DEVICE
   1. HDD disk drive
      1. old-fashion standard
         1. connected to slow IDE controller
   2. Serial ASA disk drive
      1. faster through-out
      2. small connector
         1. better air circulation
      3. eSATA
         1. used externally like an USB flash drive
   3. SCSI disk drive
      1. based SCSI controller card
      2. substaintially faster
      3. the generation of SCSI controller card
         1. determine no. of disks available on a single BUS
   4. Fire-wire disk drive
   5. USB flash drive
      1. handled by USB controller
         1. USB
            1. 1.5 MBit/s
         2. USB 2.0
            1. 12MBit/s - 480MBit/s
         3. USB 3.0
            1. 4GBit/s
5. READ/WRITE DISK I/O
   1. READ
      1. identify starting block
      2. move head to starting block
      3. wait for head to settle at starting block
      4. read data from starting block -> RAM
      5. check if file use more blocks
      6. go to next block
      7. read next block -> RAM
   2. WRITE
      1. find empty blocks