1. Situational syncope
   1. Prolonged coughing
   2. Micturition
2. Occurs during exercise
   1. Aortic stenosis
      1. Elderly
      2. Have you ever had rheumatic fever?
      3. Have you been told you have a cardiac murmur before?
      4. Do you ever get chest pain or SOB with exercise?
      5. Known bicuspid valve?
   2. HOCM
      1. Do you have a known heart disease in your family?
      2. Family history of sudden death?
      3. Do you ever get chest pain, feel SOB or like you're about to faint?
3. Fast Recovery
   1. Simple/ Vasovagal
      1. Onset in teens or 20s
      2. Response to emotional distress eg sight of blood, venesection, pain
      3. Prodrome of nausea and clamminess
      4. Falls to the ground, unconscious <2min
      5. Jerking movements and incontinence can occur
      6. Recovery within seconds, esp if lie down
      7. Persistent jerking and post-episode confusion are UNCOMMON and suggestive of a fit rather than a faint.
   2. Orthostatic Hypotension
      1. Onset when getting up quickly
      2. Brief duration, more common when fasted or dehydrated
      3. Known low systolic, or on antihypertensives or diuretics
      4. If reflexes are absent eg diabetic or alcohol abuse
   3. Cardiac Arrhythmia
      1. Non-exertional
      2. Family history of sudden death
      3. History of cardiac disease
      4. History of palpitations
      5. On anti-arrhythmic medication
      6. NO WARNING
      7. MI or AS- has anyone said you
4. Slow Recovery
   1. Seizure
      1. Prodrome- aura
      2. Tongue bitten
      3. Incontinence of urine and feaces
      4. Jerking movements
      5. Cannot remember the incident- post-episode confusion
      6. Sleepy/ exhausted afterwards
      7. Muscle pain afterwards
      8. Lowered seizure threshold eg on tricyclic anti-depressants
      9. On/ withdrawing from drugs/ alcohol
      10. Period of emotional stress/ sleep deprivation
      11. Previous incident of head injury or stroke -> post traumatic ep
      12. Meningitis- neck stiffness? vomiting? fever?
      13. Hypoglycemic- Diabetic? Medications? Well managed?
      14. History of progressive headache, worse with waking or coughing/ sneezing, or any abnormal weakness/ sensations developing
   2. TIA
      1. Subtopic 1
5. Pulmonary Embolism
   1. Sudden onset of retrosternal pain, shortness of breath and then collapse
   2. Prev history of DVTs
   3. OCP
   4. Known malignancy
   5. Recent surgery or air travel
   6. Coughing up any blood
   7. Subtopic 7
6. Meniere's/ Vertigo
   1. No LOC- sudden severe dizziness can cause 'drop attacks'
   2. Room spinning around them
   3. Worse/ Occurs when they turn their head too quickly
   4. Tinnitis? Deafness? -> meniere's.
   5. Do you find your a bit nervous walking down stairs or crossing the road?