1. system biology
   1. Systems biology is an integrative theoretical and experimental discipline that studies biological system at a holistic level
   2. e.g. artemisinic acid, isopropanol, butanol, polylactic acid, glucaric acid, various forms of alcohols , such as isobutanol, 1-butanol, 2-methyl-1-butanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol and 2-phenylethanol
2. synthetic biology
   1. Synthetic biology aims at creating novel functional parts, modules,circuits, and/or organisms using synthetic DNA and mathematical/logical methodologies, and has been shown to be practical and useful in various biotechnological applications
3. evolutionary biology
   1. Evolutionary engineering is defined as a technique to select or screen cells that have desired phenotypes from variant cell libraries that are created either adaptively or randomly
4. 1