1. doctoral students and researchers outside of a field
2. Sources: Templier & Paré, 2015
3. "A review's quality and coherence emerge from the application of a structured approach with specific guidelines" (Templier & Paré, 2015:114)
4. four types of standalone literature reviews
   1. narrative
   2. developmental
   3. cumulative
   4. aggregative
   5. all relate to, but in varying degrees and differentiation, to the input-process-output flow, c.f. Table 1, page 118
5. can serve as background for an empirical study
   1. most common
   2. assists with understanding
   3. gathers together what has been done
   4. points out key issues
   5. justifies approaches, methods, tools and questions
6. can serve as an independent, standalone piece
   1. reviews existing literature
   2. no data collection/analysis done
   3. makes sense of existing knowledge
   4. facilitates theory development
   5. syntehsizes extant literature
   6. identifies research domains for investigation
7. Templier and Paré's six steps (2015:115)
   1. formulating the problem
   2. searching the literature
   3. screening for inclusion
   4. assessing quality
   5. extracting data
   6. analyzing and synthesizing data
   7. further refined by the authors into 19 distinct sub-steps, c.f. pages 124-131
8. phases for completion
   1. planning
      1. choosing a research question
      2. developing a protocol
   2. carrying out
      1. finding works
      2. assessment of works
      3. analyzing of works
      4. synthesization
   3. reporting
      1. writing it up
      2. dissemination
9. quality
   1. rigor
      1. internal validity
      2. external validity
      3. reliability
      4. objectivity
   2. relevance
      1. utility
      2. usefulness
   3. methodological coherence between components and objectives
   4. this is the linkage between a literature review's rigor and relevance