1. the fossil man
   1. We can read of things that happened 5,000 years ago in the Near East,where people first learned to write.
   2. But,there are some places in the world where even now cannot write.
   3. The only way that they can preserve their history is to recount it as sagas---legends handed down from one generation of storytellers to another.
   4. Anthropologists wondered where the remote ancient peoples now living in the Pacific Islands came from.
   5. The sagas of these people explain that some of them came from the Indonisea about 2,000 years ago.
   6. The first men who were like ourselvse lived so long ago that even their sagas,if it had any,are forgotten.
   7. So archaeologists have neither history nor legends to help them to find out where the first 'modern men' came from.
   8. Fortunately,however,ancient men made tools of stone,especially flint,because this is easier to shape than other kinds.
   9. They may have used wool and skins,but these have rotted away.
   10. Stone does not decay,so the tools of long ago have remained when even the bones of the men who made them were disappeared without of trace.
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12. the early alpinists'goal
    1. Modern alpinists try to chose an route which will give them good sport ,the more it is difficult , the highly it is regarded.
    2. In the pioneering days,this was not the case at all.
    3. The early climbers were looking for the easiest way to the summits ,which is a prize of sought,especially if it had never been attained.
    4. It is ture that during the explorations they faced difficults and dangers of the most perilous nature;equipted in a manner which would make modern climbers sudden at the thought.
    5. They had a singal aim,a solitary goal-the top!
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14. hard to understand for us
    1. It is hard for us to realise why it is how difficult to understand the early climbers.
    2. Except for the one or two places such as and Ch ,which could rapidly have become popular.
    3. Invariably ,all the background was dirty and pover,and uncomfortable.
    4. Such inns as there were were generally dirty and flea-ridden ;the food simply cheese accomponied by bread often twelve months old ,all washed down with coarse wine .
    5. Some vally boasted no inns at all ,like Alps which tend to be impoverished settlements cut off civilizations by the high mountains,they found settles wherever they could --sometimes with prise(who was as povered as the perishioners ),sometimes the shelerers and cheese-makers.
    6. For the men acommponishied to eating seven-course dinner and sleeping fine line at home,to change in the Alps is hard indeed.