1. Twentieth century
   1. Anger from the classes erupted once again
      1. Demonstrates the problem was never really solved
2. Major Players of this era
   1. Writers of the early twentieth century who spoke for socialism or criticized the capitalist system harshly
      1. Upton Sinclair
      2. Jack London
      3. Theodore Dreiser
      4. Frank Norris
3. Upton Sinclair
   1. Wrote The Jungle
      1. Published 1906
         1. Exposes conditions of the meatpacking pants of Chicago
            1. Shocked and got the attention of the whole country
            2. Demands for laws regulating the meat industry
            3. Also told the story of an immigrant laborer, Jurgis Rudkus
            4. Spoke of socialism and how beautiful life may be if people cooperatively owned and worked and shared riches
         2. First published in Socialist newspaper
            1. Read by millions as a book
            2. Translated into 17 languages
            3. This conveys how powerful and effective the message of the book was
4. Jack London
   1. Influenced Upton Sinclair
      1. Wrote People of the Abyss
         1. Member of the Socialist party
            1. Came from the slums of San Fransisco from an unwed mother
            2. Worked an array of jobs, got arrested for vagrancy at Niagra Falls
            3. Ended up in jail, beaten, did a lot of reading
            4. Spent his time thinking and developing his thoughts on warning America about facism
5. Muckrackers
   1. Reporters in a sense who simply said what they saw
      1. New mass-circulation of magazines
         1. Able to spread stories like Ida Tarbell's on Standard Oil, Lincoln Steffens's stories of corruption in major American city
            1. The people have the right to know about the corruption and injustices of society
            2. Evident that media is a positive force
6. Who holds the power?
   1. Control of bankers has become more clear
      1. Technology developed. corporations grew
         1. Needed more capital, bankers had this
            1. Railroads turn into 6 big combinations
            2. It's interesting because it seems not much has changed
7. 1907
   1. Panic, financial collapse and crisis
      1. Profits were not as high as capitalists wanted
         1. Industry did not grow as fast as it could have
            1. As a result, industrialists began to look for ways to cut costs
            2. Taylorism
            3. A system that increased mechanization, piecework wage systems, increase productions and profits
            4. Also tries to make workers interchangeable and able to do simple tasks
8. New industry
   1. Auto industry
      1. Ford sold thousands of cars
         1. Made profit
            1. New means of transportation, changing society
   2. Sweat shops
      1. New York City had high immigrant population and worked in these sweat shops
         1. Long hours, unbearable conditions
            1. City became a battlefield
            2. Strikes became prevalent
            3. There were strikes, accidents, and sickness
            4. Never okay to be injured or even killed on the job
            5. In 1914, Commission on industrial relations reported 35,000 killed and 700,000 injured
         2. Triangle Shirtwaist Company
            1. Women organized and decided to strike
            2. Union hoped only 3000 would strike, turned out 3000 did
            3. Triangle Company Fire
            4. Fire broke out
            5. Doors did not allow people to escape
            6. Women burned to death
            7. This is cruel
9. Unionization
   1. Growing in popularity
      1. 2 million members of labor unions
         1. Tallied out to 1 in 14 workers
            1. American Federation of Labor
            2. Exclusive union- all male, white, skilled workers
            3. Racism was practical
            4. Exclusion of women and foreigners also practical
            5. They were generally unskilled
            6. Had meetings discussing all the problems
            7. Includes exclusiveness, capital system, etc.
            8. Industrial Workers of the World
            9. Eugene Debs
            10. Leader of the Socialist Party
            11. Handed out lots of pamphlets
            12. Argue against making contracts with the employer
            13. Attempt to make direct change and take action
            14. Important to note they did not initiate violence
            15. Lots of songs, poems came as a result of strikes, etc.
            16. Rebel Girl song about women at textile mills
            17. Creativity and expression in a non violent way is positive
            18. In 1909 ordinance passed to stop street meetings
            19. Spews into other similar events
            20. Beatings, tarrings, defeats, etc.
            21. It's good to see people fight passionately about a cause
            22. American Woolen company decides to give in
            23. Offers raises
            24. It's good to see efforts like mass picketing, strikes, etc. get results
            25. Slogan= One Big Union
            26. Women, foreigners, black workers, unskilled, all included when a factory or mine was organized
            27. Brotherhood of Timber Workers organized in Louisiana
10. Anarcho-syndicalism
    1. Idea developing strongly in Spain, Italy, and France
       1. Idea that workers would take power by bringing the economic system to a halt in a general strike then taking it over to use for the good of all
          1. Interesting to me because "sindicatos" in Spanish mean unions
11. Women and Work
    1. 1900= Women office workers, switchboard operators, workers, nurses, teachers
       1. Teachers formed a Teachers League
          1. This fought against the automatic firing of women who became pregnant
             1. Rules for Female Teachers posted in MA
             2. Few include: not allowed to get married, have to be home from 8pm-6am, no bright colors, no hair dye, etc.
             3. These rules are insanely crazy and violating
       2. Country's resources remained in the hands of powerful corporations whose motive was profit
       3. Socialist movement
          1. Strong sentiment in the country, lots of women supported it
             1. Helen Keller, blind, mute, deaf
             2. Had extraordinary vision
12. Feminist Movement
    1. Early 1900s
       1. Referendum for women's suffrage
          1. Women supressed at work, home, etc.
             1. Susan Anthony
             2. Insists on uniting socialism with feminism
             3. Imagines new ways for women to gain independence
             4. College and education held some answer
             5. Women who went to college realized their position in society other than a housewife
             6. Shows defying the role of the woman as the cook, cleaner, housewife, companion
             7. Margaret Sanger
             8. Pioneer of birth control education
             9. She left husband and children to make a career for herself
             10. Feels if in control she needs to have control over her whole body
          2. Right to vote
             1. Why shouldn't someone be able to vote based on gender?
             2. This makes no sense
          3. Black women faced double oppression
             1. Blacks being lynched and targeted against
             2. Begin to organize National Afro-American Council
             3. Protects against lynching, peonage, discrimination, disfranchisement
             4. WEB Du Bois- receives PHD from Harvard
             5. Booker T Washington
             6. NAACP
    2. Progressive period
       1. Theme is cannot count on federal government
          1. Some amendments passed
             1. 16th- graduated income tax
             2. 17th- election of Senators by popular vote instead of state legislature
13. Political capitalism
    1. Idea by Gabriel Kolko
       1. Businessmen took firmer control of the political system because the provate economy was no efficient enough to forestall protest from below
          1. Attempt to stabilize capitalist system in a time of uncertainty and trouble
14. 1909- manifesto of Progressivism
    1. Need for discipline and regulation if the American system were to develop
       1. Opening the gates for other published works to come to light
15. Teddy Roosevelt
    1. Actions against trusts
       1. Wanted to prevent destruction
          1. Sherman act provided for criminal penalties
16. Liberalism
    1. Stablizing the system from big business
       1. Movement of few sections of society to restrain power of business community
          1. National Civic Federation
             1. Wanted a sophisticated approach to trade unions
17. Federal Trade Commission
    1. Established by Congress in 1914
       1. To regulate trusts
          1. Cities also going through reform
             1. Get mayors, managers
             2. Idea was to gain stability and efficiency
18. Colorado Coal strike
    1. Many miners, lots of foreign born evicted
       1. Set up tents
          1. National Guard troops sent in
             1. Mine workers in Denever, United Mine Workers issued call to arms
             2. Walked off jobs carrying revolvers, rifles, shotguns, etc
             3. Changing dynamics shown in media
             4. Colorado has case of class issues