1. Hurdles to overcome
   1. History of war & violence
      1. Made process difficult
      2. States were built on the idea of war
   2. Diversity of Culture
      1. At the beginning = 6 states/4 languages
   3. Diversity of Institutional Structures
      1. Different political systems and ideologies
         1. Monarchs, Democracies, Parliments
   4. High costs of integration
2. History
   1. European Coal and Steel Community - 1951
   2. Failure of the European Defense Community - 1954
   3. Treaty of Rome - European Economic Community - 57'- 58'
   4. Common Agriculture Policy
3. Lisbon Treaty - 2007
   1. European Constitution
      1. Floating Topic
      2. Rejected by Dutch and French
4. Supranational Integration
   1. Neo-Functionalist
      1. Cooperation brings common benefits
   2. Spill-over effects
      1. Policy standards in one country create similar standards in another
         1. Ex:
   3. Common European Identity
   4. Explained things in the 50's & 60's, not since the 70's
5. Amsterdam Treaty
   1. Schengen Policy - Immigration integration into EU law
   2. Extension of the power of parliament
6. Maashricht Treaty - 1992
   1. 3 Pillars
      1. Home Affairs and Justice
      2. Common Foreign & Security Policy (CFSP)
      3. European Community = commerce, trade, monetary policy
   2. Single Currency = the Euro
   3. EEC becomes the EU
   4. European Citizenship
      1. Any European member can live anywhere
7. Hallstein
   1. Purpose - Rapid Integration
   2. Refused by De Galle
      1. 65' - 66'
   3. Resolved through the Luxemburg Compromise
      1. Voting - qualified majority,
8. Single European Act - 1986
   1. Removal of internal barriers (Trade & Customs)
      1. Anything that impedes trade
   2. Luxumberg Compromise = Anything internal can be decided by Qualified Majority Voting
      1. Removal of institutional gridlock
   3. Goal of Monetary Union
   4. European Regional Development Funds
      1. Structural funds to help underdeveloped countries
9. Intergovernmental Institutionalism
   1. Link to Realism
      1. States are main actors
      2. National Interests
   2. Change nationally reflects change domestically