1. Textual Sources
   1. Mitchell & Black (1995) Freud and Beyond pp. (13, 14, & top 15)
   2. Freud (1910) Formulations on the Two Principles on Psychic Functioning
   3. Freud (1915a) Drives and Their Fates
   4. Freud (1915b) Repression
   5. Loewald (1980) Primary Process, Secondary Process, and Language
2. Drive Theory.ppsx
   1. Psychic Functioning
      1. Origins of Investigation
         1. Developed from studying neurosis
         2. "We have long observed that every neurosis has the effect, and so probably the purpose, of forcing the patient out of real life, of alienating him from reality."
         3. "The Neurotic turns away from reality because he finds either the whole or parts of it unbearable."
      2. Primary Processes
         1. Origins in the Ucs
         2. Oldest process
         3. Remnants of a phase of development in which Ucs processes were the only processes.
         4. These processes obey the "pleasure principle"
         5. "basic ideation"
         6. Pleasure Principle.ppsx
            1. Failure leads the mind to change
            2. Mind resolves to form an "idea"
            3. This is an idea of the circumstances of the "outside world" And to endeavor to change the circumstances.
            4. "With this, a new principle of psychic activity was initiated; now ideas were formed no longer of what was pleasant, but of what was real, even if this happened to be unpleasant."
            5. Reality Principle.ppsx
      3. Secondary Processes
         1. Develop with the advent of the Reality Principle
         2. Motor activity changes
            1. "Under the rule of the pleasure principle [motor discharge] had served to relieve the [mind] from increases in stimulation by means of innervations sent inside the body (physical gestures, expressions of emotion)..."
            2. Under the reality principle, motor discharge "was now given a new function, being deployed to make expedient alterations to external reality."
            3. Motor discharge is "transformed into action."
            4. It now became necessary to hold motor discharge (action) in check..."
            5. Motor discharge is held in check "via the thought process, which evolved from basic ideation."
         3. "Thought Processes"
            1. "Thought became endowed with the qualities that enable the [mind] to tolerate the increase in tension from stimuli while discharge was deferred."
            2. "essentially a trial run of an action"
            3. Thought Processes.ppsx
            4. Origins of language
            5. "Split"
            6. Fanaticizing
            7. Exempt from reality-testing
            8. Obeys pleasure principle
            9. Does not rely on actual objects
            10. Seen in "daydreaming"
            11. Tolerate increasing tension
            12. Accurate reality-testing
            13. Obeys reality principle
            14. Relies on actual objects
         4. General tendency of psychic apparatus (mind) is to tenaciously cling to existing sources of pleasure and have difficulty giving them up
         5. Transition from "pleasure" to "reality"
            1. Gradual
            2. Not along a uniform front
            3. Example: sexual development
         6. Two egos
            1. Pleasure-ego (Pleasure-I) can do nothing but wish, pursue pleasure, and avoid unpleasure
            2. Reality-ego (Reality-I) has no other task than to strive for what is useful and to protect itself from what is harmful
         7. Reality Principle: Momentary pleasure with uncertain consequences is given up, but only in order to obtain the new approach, a more secure pleasure later on.
3. Drive Theory II
   1. Drive Characteristics
      1. Pressure
         1. Force
         2. Workload it represents
      2. Aim
         1. Always satisfaction
         2. Discharge of tension
         3. Satisfaction only achieved by removing the state of stimulation at the source of the drive
      3. Object
         1. "That upon which or through which the drive is able to achieve its aim"
            1. remove the state of stimulation
            2. discharge tension
         2. Most variable characteristic of drive
         3. Not originally connected to the drive
         4. Discovered through experiences
         5. "The drive appropriates the object on the basis that the object is suitable to provide satisfaction" (remove state of stimulation; discharge tension)
            1. Could be external
            2. breast
            3. bottle
            4. pacifier
            5. could be part of the "subject's" (infant's) body
            6. thumb
            7. fingers
         6. As the drive unfolds, the object may be changed as often as required
            1. Same object may be used for multiple drives
            2. Fixation is a particularly intimate attachment of a drive to an object
            3. Often seen in very early phases of development
            4. Puts an end to the drive's ability to change (mutability)
            5. Vigorously resists detaching from the object
      4. Source
         1. Physical process in an organ or part of the body, whose stimulation is represented in the psyche [mind] by the drive
         2. Physical stimulation of an organ or body part which is represented in the mind (psychic apparatus) as a need (drive)
         3. Freud speculates process might be chemical and perhaps mechanical
   2. Drive Types
      1. Great scope of arbitrariness
      2. Freud's two primal drives
         1. Ego (I) drives (Self-preservation drives)
         2. Sexual Drives
            1. Learned about through treatment of neuroses
            2. Root of every neurotic illness lay in a conflict between the demands of sexuality and the demands of the ego (I)
            3. Characteristics
            4. Many in number
            5. Emanate from a great variety of organic sources (body parts)
            6. Mouth
            7. Anus
            8. Glans/Clitoris
            9. Skin
            10. Initially act independently of each other
            11. Aim of each drive is to obtain "organ pleasure" (discharge tension = pleasure)
            12. When synthesized, the psychic apparatus [mind] harnesses them for the reproductive function and become recognizable as "sexual"
            13. Initially, the sex drives are dependent upon the ego (I) drives and become detached from the ego (I) drives only gradually; when finding an object, they follow the paths laid down by the ego (I) drives.
            14. A proportion of the sex drives remain attached to the ego (I) drives throughout life and thus provide the ego (I) drives with "libidinal" components
            15. Libidinal components are easily overlooked during normal functioning
            16. Foreplay
            17. Anal eroticism
            18. Manifest themselves in illness
            19. Capable of feats far removed from original functions (e.g., sublimation)
   3. Drive Fates
      1. Reversed into opposite
         1. Subject (ego [I]) -- Object
         2. Pleasure--Unpleasure
         3. Active--Passive
         4. Example: Transforming love into hate
            1. coexistence is example of emotional ambivalence
            2. Complicated
            3. pp. 25 - 28
            4. Elaborated on by Klein
            5. Love into Hate.ppsx
      2. Turning back on the self
         1. Example: Masochism
      3. "One fate that a drive impulse can experience is to run up against resistances seeking to put it out of action."
         1. "flight is of no avail"
         2. "the ego (I) cannot escape from itself"
         3. "judicious rejection (disapproval) is found to be a good measure against drive impulses"
         4. Repression
            1. "A preliminary stage of this disapproval, something between flight and disapproval, is repression --a concept that could. not have been formulated in the days before psychoanalytical studies."
            2. See pp. 35-36
            3. Not an original defense mechanism
            4. "Its essence consists simply in the act of turning - and keeping - something away from the conscious."
            5. Cs/Ucs separation is prerequisite
            6. Primal Repression
            7. "Psychic (ideational representative of the drive being denied access to the conscious"
            8. Fixation: that particular drive representative (idea, belief, feeling) continues to exist unchanged and the drive remains attached to it (idea, belief, feeling).
            9. Actual Repression
            10. "Psychic derivatives (ancillary ideas, close approximations, similar feelings) of the repressed representative (idea, belief, feeling), or trains of thought that, though originating elsewhere, have become associated with it (idea, belief, feeling).experience the same fate as the primally repressed material."
            11. "Follow-up Repression"
            12. Failed Repressions
            13. Anxiety Hysteria (pp. 42-43)
            14. Conversion Hysteria (pp. 43-44)
            15. Compulsion Neurosis (pp. 44-45)
      4. Sublimation