1. Based on Habermas (1981) Types of Learning/Problem Solving
   1. instrumental
   2. impressionistic
   3. normative
   4. communicative
2. the process of effecting change in a frame of reference
   1. Frames of Reference
      1. Two kinds
         1. Point of View
         2. Habits of Mind
      2. Paradigms
         1. collective frames of reference
      3. Are transformed by
         1. critical reflections on assumptions
         2. DISCOURSE
         3. awareness of frames of reference
3. Adult Learners
   1. immediate focus is short-term objectives
      1. subject matter mastery
      2. attain competencies
      3. job-related
   2. then long-term goals
   3. Foundations from Childhood
   4. From Adolesence
   5. SOCIALLY RESPONSIBLE AUTONOMOUS THINKER
4. Education
   1. that fosters
      1. critically reflective thought
      2. imaginative problem solving
      3. discourse
   2. that is
      1. learner-centered
      2. participatory
      3. interactive
   3. that involves
      1. group deliberation
      2. group problem solving
   4. methods
      1. learning contracts
      2. group projects
      3. role play
      4. case studies
      5. simulations
   5. other methods
      1. critical incidents
      2. metaphor analysis
      3. concept mapping
      4. consciousness raising
      5. life histories
      6. repertory grids
      7. participation in social action
   6. focus
      1. context of ideas
      2. belief systems that shape the way we think about
         1. their sources
         2. nature
         3. consequences
         4. on imagining alternative perspectives