1. Supportive activities
   1. Organisational infrastructure
      1. 1.1: Web-based distributed financial and EPS system.
      2. 1.2: Online learning relations (e.g., information dissemination......)
   2. Human Resource Management
      1. 2.1: Self-service personnel and benefits administration.
      2. 2.2: Web-based training
      3. 2.3: Internet-base sharing and dissemination of organisational information.
      4. 2.4: Electronic time and expenses reporting.
   3. Technological Development
      1. 3.1: Collaborative course/program design across locations and multiple value-systems participation.
      2. 3.2: Knowledge directories accessible from all parts of the organisation.
   4. Procurement
      1. 4.1: Internet-enabled demand planning: real-time available/capable of promise and fulfillment.
      2. 4.2: Other links of purchase, inventory, and forecasting systems with suppliers.
      3. 4.3: Automated "requisition to pay" and "expense claim" systems.
      4. 4.4: Direct and indirect procurement via market places, exchanges and auctions.
2. Primary activities
   1. Inbound logistics
      1. 1.1: Learning Specific Hardware (LSH) {client/server, wireless peer-to-peer}
      2. 1.2: Learning Management System (LMS)
      3. 1.3: Learning Content Management System (LCMS)
      4. 1.4: Knowledge Management (KM)
      5. 1.5: Real-time integrated scheduling of reference materials.
      6. 1.6: Dissemination of real-time inbound inventory data.
      7. 1.7: Hiring of authors.
      8. 1.8: Authoring tools.
   2. Operations
      1. 2.1: Course instructional design
      2. 2.2: Content (learning object, units etc.)
      3. 2.3: Course-ware study guide and student manual development.
      4. 2.4: Writing.
      5. 2.5: Formatting.
      6. 2.6: Capture and edit.
      7. 2.7: Multimedia creation.
      8. 2.8: Graphic design.
      9. 2.9: Printing.
      10. 2.10: Integrated information exchange, scheduling, in-house course production, contracts SMEs, and publishers.
   3. Outbound logistics
      1. 3.1: Real-time transaction of orders.
      2. 3.2: Online registration.
      3. 3.3: Integrated portal.
      4. 3.4: Packaging and storage of courses.
      5. 3.5: Learning access to course (Web access or email delivery).
      6. 3.6: Integrated channel management (process control).
      7. 3.7: Automatic learner specific account and contract terms.
      8. 3.8: Real-time information available to advisors PR, and channels.
   4. Delivery (sales), collaboration and marketing
      1. 4.1: Live Learning.
      2. 4.2: Virtual classroom.
      3. 4.3: Course delivery.
      4. 4.4: Threaded discussion.
      5. 4.5: Audio video over IP - (Audiovisual over Internet Protocol)
      6. 4.6: Real-time access to student information, calendar, fees, course availability.
      7. 4.7: Real-time learner feedback through Web surveys and promotion response tracking.
      8. 4.8: Branding.
      9. 4.9: Entering strategic partnership.
      10. 4.10: Shared communities.
   5. Services
      1. 5.1: Online support of learners.
      2. 5.2: Coaching, mentoring.
      3. 5.3: Assessment and testing.
      4. 5.4: Technical and support services.
      5. 5.5: Learner self-service via Website and intelligent service request processing.
      6. 5.6: Real-time field service to learner account/course review, etc.
      7. 5.7: Localization and Globalization.
      8. 5.8: Tutor support.
      9. 5.9: Academic expert/marking.
      10. 5.10: Counselling.
      11. 5.11: Granting awards.
3. Source:
   1. Content: Elloumi (2004, P.75)
   2. VCA Model adapted from Porter (2001)
   3. Mind-map: Hilton (2021, M-m)