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people
- Judith Sargent Murray
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Adella Hunt Logan
- born in Sparta, GA, 2nd woman to teach at Tuskegee Institute in Alabama, joined NAWSA in 1901, member of NAACP
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Lucy Stone
- founded AWSA; met Stanton and Anthony in 1851 following an anti-slavery conference in Seneca Falls
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Susan B Anthony
- founder of NWSA
- Sojourner Truth
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Mary Church Terrell
- 1896 NACW President until 1901, campaigned for suffrage, founding forty of the NAACP in 1909, emphasized solidarity between women, came from an affluent family (dad was a real estate developer + created first black-owned bank), both parents were mixed; her motto – lifting as we climb (used for NACW)
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Elizabeth Cady Stanton
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Declaration of Sentiments
- 68 women and 32 men (100/300 people) signed the declaration
- written in the format of the declaration of independence (starts with what gov. should be, then a list of grievances, then resolutions/demands)
- yes, it was important to create this document because (1) it's harder to be ignored, (2) a way to keep themselves unified and clarifies it for outsiders, (3) gives them something to return to
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Kate Gordon
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Southern States Women Suffrage Conference
- lobbied Louisiana state legislatures for white women only
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"nature" of Women
- - how should women be educated?
- what is her role in relation to men?
- what are the duties of motherhood?
- how should "ladies" behave?
- what is her responsibility at home?
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organizations
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National Association of Colored Women
(NACW)
- founded in Jim Crow era, largest federation of local Black Women's clubs, voting was one of many agenda items along with anti-lynching campaigns
- 1869 – NWSA: Anthony + Staton, concentrate on the enfranchisement of women via an amendment
- 1869 – AWSA: Stone had already left the home and felt excluded, so she started a rival organization that will focus on state action
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1882 – Massachusetts Women Opposed to Suffrage (MWOS)
- - by 1911, it was a national organization
- uncomfy with rapidly changing expectations
- feared (1) civic work would decline, (2) become partisan, (3) did not want to be associated with controversial issues, like free love and birth control
- state level anti-suffrage
- 1890 – National American Women's Suffrage Association (NAWSA)(MERGED)
- 1896 – Association of Colored Women
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public sphere v. private sphere
- public: meant for men; associated with strength, leadership, bravery
- private: meant for women; socially oriented, domestic
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women in the workforce
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Garment Work
- big business! but...by 1910 dresses were becoming more fashionable, so demand for shirtwaists was down + costs were up
(materials and shipping); employers wanted continuous productivity at low costs
- employers feared unions, viewed as a loss of control
- KEY: economic survival (for both employer and employee)
- by 1900 5 million women were working for wages in the US
- 1909, NYC: 600 shops + 30,000 workers, 50 million in merchandise per year
- quantity supply lower than demand = shortage
- quantity supply higher than demand = surplus
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Women as Employees
- women workers can't vote for new laws, so where does their power exist?
- strike! (also a form of nonviolence)
- uprising of 20,000 (nov. 1909–feb. 1910): included triangle shirtwaist workers; three-way opposition of (1) manufacturers – hired people to abuse the strikers, (2) police – arrest on trumped up charges, and (3) courts – heavy fines, sentencing and humiliation
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conventions
- 1837 – Anti-Slavery Convention (US)
- 1840 – World Anti-Slavery Convention (UK)
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1848 – Seneca Falls
- a 2 day conference of 300 people in upstate NY
- result of the 1840 World Anti-Slavery Convention in England
- NYTimes (and other sources) describe Seneca Falls as the event that launched the women's rights movement and spawned subsequent conventions; "The first women's rights convention" in the United States
- 1851 – Ohio Women's Rights Convention
(Sojourner Truth's "Ain't I a Women")
- 1869 – the Southern States Women Suffrage Conference
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1913 – suffrage march
- groups were segregated like the Alpha Suffrage Club founded by Ida B. Wells in Chicago
- 8000 participants from all over the country
- prompts Senate to vote (unsuccessfully) on suffrage
- marchers were assaulted but police did little to stop it
- during the pre-inauguration parade for Wilson
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1917 – silent sentinels picket @ white house
- - nov. 13: first harassed, then arrested for "obstructing the sidewalk traffic"
- nov. 15: (night of terror) warden instructs 40 guards to "teach them a lesson"
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1918 – Wilson addresses the Senate in support of the 19th amendment
- - tied to WWI and the role of women in war efforts
- vote failed in senate by 2 votes so they tried again the next year
- any voting rights struggle is about full citizenship
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women's rights movement as a case study
- in conflict:
How to achieve suffrage? (AWSA, NWSA)
Inclusive vision for suffrage
- collaboration:
the overall goal of passing the amendment was supported broadly, despite the inclusive conflicts
triangle fire --> brought the labor movement into the suffrage movement