1. Reduced clause
   1. Active
      1. present participle
         1. This refutes... --> , refuting...
   2. Passive
      1. past participle
         1. ...were implemented in 2001. This... --> Implemented in 2001, .../..., implemented in 2001, ...
2. Exemplification
   1. Expressions
      1. for example
      2. e.g.
      3. as shown by
      4. particularly
      5. such as
   2. Patterns
      1. X, shown/exemplified/illustrated by Y.
      2. The following examples, A and B, show/exemplify/illustrate X.
      3. A and B are examples of X.
3. Describing trends
   1. Vague
      1. by far the largest proportion of...
      2. the majority of...
      3. a large proportion of...
      4. a significant number of...
      5. a minority of...
      6. a small number of...
   2. Precise
      1. 51% of...
      2. one in two...
      3. five out of ten...
4. Definitions
   1. Expressions
      1. X
         1. is...
         2. means...
         3. describes...
         4. is defined as...
         5. is used...
         6. is concerned with Y.
         7. relates to Y.
         8. involves Y.
5. Graph/chart description
   1. Topic
   2. Participial phrase
      1. Something would be ..., accounting for ...
      2. Would is a modal auxiliary phrase
   3. Expressions
      1. is predicted
      2. is forecasted
      3. is expected
      4. is projected
6. Generalization
   1. Qualification
      1. Topic
   2. Caution
      1. Definition
         1. Make sentence less definite unless 100% evidences present.
      2. Patterns
         1. It appears/seems to/that...
         2. There is a tendency to/for...
         3. It is generally/widely accepted that...
         4. It has been suggested that...
7. Argumentation
   1. Structure
      1. 1. Introduction
         1. Short
         2. Concise
         3. Standpoint
      2. 2. Own arguments
         1. Be brief
      3. 3. Counter-arguments
         1. Just a few
      4. 4. Refutation
         1. Go deep
      5. 5. Conclusion
   2. Pattern
      1. Some/many + people + argue/claim/believe/state + that + counter-argument. However + refutation.
      2. It is often + argued/claimed that + counter-argument. But in fact/The fact is, refutation.
      3. Although/Even though + some/many people could + argue that + counter-argument, actually/in fact + refutation